The equation for fermentation in the production of alcohol is Sugar + yeast → alcohol + A (i) What is the name of the product A in the above word equation? (ii) Name and describe a modern industrial fermentation process that produces large quantities of consistent product - HSC - SSCE Biology - Question 29 - 2005 - Paper 1

One modern industrial fermentation process is the production of ethanol through continuous fermentation. In this method, sugar (often from corn or sugarcane) is fed continuously into a fermenter containing yeast that converts the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process allows for the efficient and consistent production of high quantities of ethanol, as the fermentation conditions can be tightly controlled to maintain optimal temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Recombinant DNA technology refers to the process of combining DNA from two different sources to create new genetic combinations. An example of this technology is the production of insulin. Human insulin-producing genes can be inserted into bacteria (such as E. coli), allowing them to produce insulin for diabetes treatment. This approach enables mass production of insulin that is identical to human insulin.

Recombinant DNA technology involves direct manipulation of an organism's genes, allowing for precise changes and the introduction of new traits. In contrast, artificial selection is a traditional breeding process that relies on selective breeding of organisms to enhance desired traits over generations. While recombinant DNA technology can achieve rapid changes and create traits that may not be present in the organism’s gene pool, artificial selection takes longer and depends on existing genetic variation.

One application of biotechnology in medicine is gene therapy, which can potentially cure genetic disorders. However, limitations include ethical concerns and regulatory challenges regarding gene editing. Another application is agricultural biotechnology, such as genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests. The benefits of these crops include reduced pesticide usage and increased yield, but concerns regarding biodiversity and long-term ecological impacts remain significant.

Based on the DNA profile comparison, the suspect whose DNA markers match significantly with the evidence collected at the crime scene is likely to be the murderer. For example, if Suspect 1's profile has the highest similarity to the evidence profile, this suggests a strong correlation between their DNA and that found on the scene.

Samples would be taken from both the victim and the suspects to establish a DNA profile for comparison. The victim's DNA is necessary to identify potential matches with evidence and to help rule out any suspects who do not share similar markers with the victim's DNA.

DNA fingerprinting is a forensic technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA profiles. In forensic cases, DNA samples from crime scenes can be compared to profiles from suspects to establish identity and presence at the crime scene. This method is highly accurate, allowing law enforcement to solve cases, exonerate innocent suspects, and identify unknown victims.