Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for the early onset of cardiovascular disease in Australian women? (A) Early onset of menstruation (B) Family history (C) Physical activity pattern (D) Tobacco smoking - HSC - SSCE Personal Development and Physical Education - Question 2 - 2001 - Paper 1

To determine a non-modifiable risk factor for the early onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Australian women, we need to understand the nature of each listed option.

• Early onset of menstruation (A): This is considered a biological factor but is not classified as a traditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It can influence hormonal levels and reproductive health but is generally modifiable through lifestyle choices.

• Family history (B): This is indeed a non-modifiable risk factor, as it relates to genetics. If there is a history of cardiovascular disease in the family, the risk increases regardless of lifestyle changes.

• Physical activity pattern (C): This is a modifiable risk factor. Increasing or decreasing physical activity can significantly affect cardiovascular health.

• Tobacco smoking (D): This is also a modifiable risk factor; individuals can quit smoking to reduce their risk of CVD.

Based on the evaluations, the correct answer is (B) Family history.