Kidneys: Functions and Disorders

The kidneys perform several crucial roles in maintaining bodily health:

• Blood Filtration: They remove waste products such as urea and creatinine.
• Fluid Balance Regulation: Kidneys ensure stable water levels in the body.
• Electrolyte Maintenance: This function is essential for cellular activity.
• They support homeostasis by maintaining the body's internal balance.

Anatomical Structure of Kidneys

• Location:

  • The kidneys are situated on either side of the spine, beneath the rib cage.
  • The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the liver.

  

• Renal Structure:

  • Renal Cortex: This is the initial site of filtration.
  • Renal Medulla: Concentrates urine for excretion.
  • Renal Pelvis: Collects urine for drainage into the ureter.

  

Nephron: The Functional Unit

• Structure of the Nephron:

  • Glomerulus: A crucial component in blood filtration.
  • Bowman's Capsule: It captures the fluid filtered from the blood.
  • Renal Tubules: Comprise the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
  infoNote

  The glomerulus plays a pivotal role in the kidney's filtration process.

  

• Functions of the Nephron:

  • Blood Filtration: Eliminates waste and balances electrolytes.
  • Nutrient Reabsorption: Reclaims vital substances like glucose and water.
  • Waste Secretion: Removes excess ions and metabolic byproducts.
  • Blood Pressure Regulation: Achieved through the release of renin.

Importance for Homeostasis

• Kidney Health: It is essential for maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance. Dysfunction in this area can disrupt overall body function.

Introduction to Kidney Disorders

Understanding the causes of kidney disorders is vital for early intervention and improved health outcomes. Approximately 850 million people worldwide are affected.

• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): This involves the slow progression of kidney function loss.
• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): A sudden decline in kidney function.
• Nephrotic Syndrome: Identified by high protein levels in urine.

Impact of Disorders

• These disorders disrupt blood pressure regulation, resulting in toxin accumulation.

Causes of Kidney Disorders

• Diabetes: Causes damage to nephrons, reducing functionality.
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• Hypertension: Damages blood vessels, impairing filtration.
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• Recurrent Infections: Cause tissue scarring, reducing efficiency.
• Blockages: Increase pressure and infection risk.
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Complications Overview

• Hypertension and Anaemia: Can result from kidney dysfunction.

Diagnostic Methods

• Blood Tests: For checking creatinine levels and assessing glomerular filtration (GFR).
• Urine Tests: Used to detect protein levels, which indicate kidney function.
• Imaging Techniques: Includes ultrasound and CT scans to diagnose blockages.

Dialysis Overview

• Dialysis: This process artificially removes waste, providing a lifeline for those with kidney failure.

Types of Dialysis

Haemodialysis

• Utilises a machine to filter blood.
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Peritoneal Dialysis

• Uses the peritoneal cavity for waste removal.
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Technological Advancements in Kidney Care

• Portable Dialysis Machines and Wearable Artificial Kidneys provide greater freedom for patients.

  

Innovations

• Bioartificial Kidneys: These advanced devices combine biological and technological components.

Impact on Lifestyle

• Dialysis considerably affects daily routines, social interactions, and imposes dietary restrictions.

• Psychosocial Challenges:

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  • Addressing issues such as depression and anxiety is essential.

  • Specific interventions can enhance the quality of life.

Ethical Considerations

• Equity and fairness in treatment allocation are crucial factors.
• Informed Consent: This is paramount for patient autonomy.

Policies and Socioeconomic Issues

• Access to Treatment: Must transcend socioeconomic barriers.

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  Efforts towards continuous improvements and ongoing research are essential for achieving equity in kidney care.