1. What is meant by a genome? 2 - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 8 - 2018 - Paper 1

The antibody binds to the transcription factor because it has a specific tertiary structure that allows it to interact specifically with the transcription factor's variable region. This specificity ensures that the antibody can accurately identify and bind to the transcription factor, facilitating processes such as gene regulation.

'Precipitated DNA' consists of DNA that has been separated out of a solution, typically through a process involving the use of alcohol, such as ethanol or isopropanol. This technique allows for the visualization and extraction of DNA from cellular components.

Single-stranded cDNA could prevent transcription of the P34 gene by hybridizing with the mRNA transcript of the P34 gene. This binding would result in the formation of a double-stranded molecule, effectively blocking the transcription machinery from accessing the original mRNA and preventing further transcription.

1. Restriction Enzyme: This enzyme cuts the plasmid vector at specific sequences, allowing the insertion of foreign DNA fragments.

2. Ligase Enzyme: This enzyme is used to join the DNA fragment to the plasmid, sealing the backbone and ensuring that the inserted DNA is stable and can replicate within the host cell.

1. Size: Proteins vary in size, and smaller proteins move faster through the gel compared to larger ones, allowing separation based on molecular weight.

2. Charge: Proteins have different charges depending on their amino acid composition, which affects their migration through the gel in response to an electric field.