06.1 Give two types of cell that can stimulate an immune response - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 6 - 2023 - Paper 3

The olive oil may have been applied as a control to demonstrate that the effects observed in the mice are due to the treatment with OXA, rather than an effect of the substance itself.

Create a bar graph where the x-axis represents the groups of mice and the y-axis represents the mean increase in ear thickness. Ensure to include error bars that show ± 2 standard deviations for each group.

Females with autoimmune disease showed a significant increase in humoral response, indicating increased antibody production, while the cellular response was decreased. In males, there was no significant difference in cellular response, highlighting a potential gender difference in immune response.

1. The statement that SLE is caused by an overproduction of antibodies may be true, as increased antibody levels are linked to the disease. However, more evidence is needed to establish direct causality.
2. The claim about RA being caused by an overproduction of cytotoxic T cells may also be valid, but needs confirmation through further studies.

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies remain constant in a population in the absence of evolutionary influences. If the autoimmune disease is inherited as a dominant allele, the fitness of affected individuals may reduce their reproductive success, potentially causing changes in allele frequencies contradicting the principle.