Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B. A student studied Figure 3 and concluded that the fish gas exchange system is more efficient than the human gas exchange system. Use Figure 3 to justify this conclusion. Explain how the counter-current principle allows efficient oxygen uptake in the fish exchange system. Table 1 shows features of two mammals. Bats are flying mammals; shrews are ground-living mammals. Table 1 | Mammal | Mean body mass / kg | Mean lung volume / cm³ | |--------|---------------------|-------------------------| | Bat | 0.096 | 12.48 | | Shrew | 0.024 | 0.72 | Calculate how many times the lung volume per unit of body mass of the bat is greater than that of the shrew. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

A-Level AQA Biology Human Gas Exchange: Suggest how the environmental co

Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 2 - 2021 - Paper 1

Question 2

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Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B. A student studied Figure 3 and concluded that th... show full transcript

Worked Solution & Example Answer:Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 2 - 2021 - Paper 1

Step 1

Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B.

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Answer

Larger organisms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio, which limits their ability to adapt to systems that require efficient gas exchange. This necessitates adaptations such as a more efficient gas exchange system in Model A.

Step 2

A student studied Figure 3 and concluded that the fish gas exchange system is more efficient than the human gas exchange system. Use Figure 3 to justify this conclusion.

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Answer

The fish gas exchange system operates in water, which has a higher density than air. This allows for a greater concentration gradient and an efficient exchange of oxygen as the water continuously flows over the gills. In contrast, the human system faces limitations due to the lower partial pressure of oxygen in the air.

Step 3

Explain how the counter-current principle allows efficient oxygen uptake in the fish exchange system.

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Answer

The counter-current principle involves blood and water flowing in opposite directions. This arrangement maintains a diffusion gradient along the length of the lamellae, allowing for maximum oxygen uptake as the oxygen concentration in water is always higher than in the blood.

Step 4

Calculate how many times the lung volume per unit of body mass of the bat is greater than that of the shrew.

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Answer

The lung volume per unit mass of the bat is calculated as follows:

For the bat: $\text{Lung Volume}_{bat} = \frac{12.48}{0.096} = 130 \text{ cm}^3/kg$

For the shrew: $\text{Lung Volume}_{shrew} = \frac{0.72}{0.024} = 30 \text{ cm}^3/kg$

Now, to calculate how many times greater: $\frac{130}{30} = 4.33 \text{ times greater}$

Step 5

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

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Answer

Thus, the lung volume per unit body mass of the bat is approximately 4.3 times greater than that of the shrew.

Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 2 - 2021 - Paper 1

Worked Solution & Example Answer:Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 2 - 2021 - Paper 1

Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems using Model A rather than Model B.

A student studied Figure 3 and concluded that the fish gas exchange system is more efficient than the human gas exchange system. Use Figure 3 to justify this conclusion.

Explain how the counter-current principle allows efficient oxygen uptake in the fish exchange system.

Calculate how many times the lung volume per unit of body mass of the bat is greater than that of the shrew.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

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