08.1 What is meant by a genome? 08.2 Explain why the antibody binds to the transcription factor - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 8 - 2018 - Paper 1

The antibody binds to the transcription factor because it has a specific tertiary structure that is complementary to the binding site of the transcription factor. This high specificity allows for the precise interaction necessary for biological activity.

In the context of Figure 8, 'precipitated DNA' consists of DNA that has been separated from other cellular components, allowing for the collection and analysis of the genetic material. This process usually involves the use of reagents that facilitate the clumping of DNA molecules.

Single-stranded cDNA can prevent transcription of the P34 gene by hybridizing with the mRNA transcript of the gene. This binding inhibits the transcription process by blocking the initiation of transcription or degrading the mRNA.

1. Restriction enzymes: These enzymes cut the plasmid DNA at specific recognition sites, creating sticky or blunt ends that facilitate the insertion of DNA fragments.
2. Ligase: This enzyme facilitates the joining of the DNA fragment to the plasmid by forming covalent bonds between the DNA sugar-phosphate backbones.

1. Mass: The size, or molecular weight, of the protein affects its mobility through the gel matrix; smaller proteins move faster than larger proteins.
2. Charge: The overall charge of the protein, influenced by its amino acid composition, affects how it migrates in an electric field, enabling separation based on charge differences.