Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

1. Modify/Package/Transport Proteins: The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in modifying proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. It is involved in folding and adding carbohydrate groups to form glycoproteins before the proteins are sent to their final destinations.

2. Form/Release Vesicles/Lysosomes: The Golgi is also responsible for forming and releasing vesicles that transport substances, such as enzymes and hormones. It helps produce lysosomes, which are vital for cellular digestion.

The order of human migration out of Africa, as suggested by Figure 3, is: India, Europe, East Asia, Central America, South America.

To calculate the number of cases caused by P. vivax each year, we start with the total number of malaria cases outside Africa, which is 6% of 229 million:

$229 ext{ million} imes 0.06 = 13.14 ext{ million cases}$

Since P. vivax causes 61% of these cases:

$13.14 ext{ million} imes 0.61 = 8.02 ext{ million cases}$

Thus, approximately 8.02 million cases of malaria caused by P. vivax occur each year.

Explanation of Resistance to Malaria

In Africa, the high prevalence of malaria has led to natural selection favoring individuals with alleles that confer resistance to P. vivax. Those individuals who carry these alleles are more likely to survive malaria infection, reproduce, and pass these advantageous alleles to their offspring.

1. Mutation Produced Alleles: Random mutations in the genome may produce alleles that provide resistance against malaria.

2. Survival Advantage: Individuals with these alleles exhibit increased resistance or reduced severity of the disease, allowing them to survive longer and have higher reproductive success compared to those without the alleles.

3. Increased Frequency: Over generations, the frequency of these resistant alleles becomes higher in the population due to the consistent selection pressure imposed by the malaria parasite.