Photo AI
In the UK in 2016, there were 525 048 deaths - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 5 - 2020 - Paper 3
Question 5
In the UK in 2016, there were 525 048 deaths. Cancer caused 30.4% of all deaths. Throat cancer caused 5% of all deaths from cancer. Calculate the mean number of pe... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:In the UK in 2016, there were 525 048 deaths - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 5 - 2020 - Paper 3
Step 1
Calculate the mean number of people who died of throat cancer per month in 2016.
Answer
To find the mean number of people who died of throat cancer per month, we first determine the total number of deaths due to throat cancer in 2016.
-
Calculate the total number of deaths from cancer:
Total deaths = 525,048
% deaths due to cancer = 30.4%Number of cancer deaths = 525,048 × 30.4/100 = 159,882.72
-
Calculate the total number of deaths from throat cancer:
% deaths from throat cancer = 5%
Number of throat cancer deaths = 159,882 × 5/100 = 7,994.1
-
Calculate the mean number of throat cancer deaths per month:
Mean deaths per month = 7,994.1 / 12 ≈ 665
Therefore, the mean number of people who died of throat cancer per month in 2016 is approximately 665.
Step 2
Suggest how EGCG allows the production of mRNA in daughter cells.
Answer
EGCG functions as a competitive inhibitor of DNMT, which is an enzyme responsible for methylating the promoter region of tumour suppressor genes. By inhibiting DNMT:
- The promoter region of the tumour suppressor gene remains unmethylated, allowing for transcription.
- Transcription factors can bind to the promoter region more effectively, enhancing mRNA production.
- Additionally, RNA polymerase, responsible for synthesizing mRNA, can bind and transcribe the gene more readily in the absence of methylation.
Step 3
Suggest three reasons why his conclusion might not be valid.
Answer
- The study focused specifically on throat cancer cells in vitro, and results on cell cultures do not always translate to whole organisms or human patients.
- The effects of EGCG may vary in different types of cancer, and the reporter's conclusion generalizes the findings without considering other cancer types.
- Long-term effects and dosage levels of EGCG in humans were not fully addressed, leading to uncertainty about its efficacy and safety as a potential cancer treatment.