Complete the following definitions - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 4 - 2022 - Paper 3

The proteome is the range of proteins that a cell or organism can produce, reflecting the functional elements expressed by the genome.

1. Bacteria possess the necessary transcription and translation machinery to process human DNA and produce proteins.

2. The genetic code is universal, meaning that bacteria can interpret human genes to synthesize corresponding proteins.

Bacteria may not have the appropriate post-translational modification machinery required to modify some human proteins correctly, affecting their functionality. For example, some proteins require specific glycosylation that only occurs in eukaryotic cells.

Region M is the promoter, which initiates transcription of the antithrombin gene.

Region N is the terminator, which signals the end of transcription.

The marker gene allows for the identification of cells that have successfully incorporated the antithrombin gene, ensuring that genetic modifications can be tracked and confirmed.

1. The enhancer increases the transcriptional activity of the antithrombin gene in specific tissues, enhancing protein production.

2. The enhancer ensures that the antithrombin gene is expressed at the right developmental stage or in response to the right signals, which is crucial for efficient protein production.