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Assess the extent to which psychology could be considered a science. - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 6 - 2017 - Paper 3
Question 6
Assess the extent to which psychology could be considered a science.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Assess the extent to which psychology could be considered a science. - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 6 - 2017 - Paper 3
Step 1
Scientific Procedures and Regulations
Answer
Psychology, as a field, is heavily regulated by guidelines such as the Scientific Procedures Act (1986) and the Home Office regulations regarding research involving animals. These regulations ensure that psychological studies are conducted with a scientific approach, emphasizing rigorous methodologies and ethical considerations.
Step 2
Reduction and Caging
Answer
In psychological research, particularly when involving animals, the principle of reduction is crucial, which means researchers must keep the number of animals used to a minimum. Additionally, the appropriate accommodation and caging suitable for the species under study must be adhered to, ensuring that studies are scientifically valid and humane.
Step 3
Comparing Benefits and Costs
Answer
A scientific assessment considers the likely benefits of research against the costs to the animals involved. For instance, if valid conclusions about human behavior can be drawn from animal studies, this poses an argument in favor of psychology being considered a science due to its basis in empirical evidence.
Step 4
Practical Application of Research
Answer
Practical studies, such as Pavlov's (1927) work with dogs, show that salivary responses can be conditioned, demonstrating a scientific method through controlled experimentation. Similarly, Beeman's (1947) findings on aggressive responses in rodents support the notion that psychology makes use of scientific principles.
Step 5
Ethical Considerations
Answer
While psychological research can be scientific, ethical considerations also play an essential role. For example, invasive research methods raise moral questions regarding the treatment of animals. Ryder's concept of 'speciesism' challenges the ethics behind using animals for psychological studies, suggesting that this affects the classification of psychology as a science if humane treatment is compromised.
Step 6
Practical Issues with Human Research
Answer
Differentiations between human and animal studies can create validity issues. The impracticality of studying multiple generations of humans as compared to animals illustrates a limitation. Moreover, drugs developed through psychological research benefit both humans and animals, showcasing the reciprocal nature of scientific advancement.
Step 7
Real-World Impacts of Psychological Research
Answer
The outcomes of psychological studies often lead to real-world applications, like the development of drugs for conditions such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. This outcome-focused approach reinforces the alignment of psychology with scientific disciplines.