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Evaluate the classic studies by Raine et al - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 4 - 2021 - Paper 3
Question 4
Evaluate the classic studies by Raine et al. (1997) and Watson and Rayner (1920) in terms of the role of nature and nurture.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Evaluate the classic studies by Raine et al - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 4 - 2021 - Paper 3
Step 1
Nature and Nurture in Raine et al. (1997)
Answer
Raine et al. (1997) studied the brain activity of 41 murderers and compared it to that of controls. Their findings indicated that violent behavior could not be attributed to a single brain region, suggesting a complex interplay of biological factors. They highlighted differences in brain functioning, particularly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which could imply that traits influencing aggression have a significant biological basis. This supports the argument for nature in behavior. However, they also noted that environmental factors, such as experiences and stimuli from the surroundings, play an influential role, linking the findings back to nurturing aspects of behavior as well.
Step 2
Nurture and Behavioral Learning in Watson and Rayner (1920)
Answer
Watson and Rayner (1920) employed the case of Little Albert to demonstrate the influence of nurture on behavior. They illustrated how fear responses could be conditioned through environmental stimuli, as Little Albert was exposed to loud noises paired with a white rat. This study emphasized that behavior could be shaped through learned responses, supporting the nurture perspective in psychology. However, it is also essential to consider the innate temperament of individuals, as this can influence the extent to which they are affected by such conditioning.
Step 3
Conclusion on Nature vs. Nurture
Answer
In conclusion, both studies present compelling arguments for the roles of nature and nurture in behavior. Raine et al. (1997) emphasize biological predispositions related to brain function, while Watson and Rayner (1920) address the critical role of environmental influences through learned behavior. Understanding the interaction between these factors is vital for a comprehensive view of human behavior.