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Evaluate the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974). - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 7 - 2018 - Paper 1
Question 7
Evaluate the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974).
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Evaluate the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974). - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 7 - 2018 - Paper 1
Step 1
Describe the working memory model
Answer
The working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 suggests that memory consists of multiple systems rather than a single, unitary system. Key components of this model include the central executive, which oversees and allocates resources to other memory systems, and two subsystems: the phonological loop, which deals with verbal and auditory information, and the visuospatial sketchpad, responsible for visual and spatial information. In 2001, the episodic buffer was added, serving as a backup storage system that integrates information from different sources.
Step 2
Discuss empirical evidence supporting the model
Answer
Empirical support for the working memory model is evident through various studies. For instance, the case study of KF demonstrated that his impairment in verbal memory was notable while his visual memory remained intact. This finding supports the idea of separate systems for verbal and visual memory. Additionally, research conducted by Smith and Jonides (1997) revealed differences in brain activation when participants engaged in visual and spatial tasks, again supporting the distinct nature of the visuospatial sketchpad.
Step 3
Evaluate limitations of the model
Answer
While the model is widely accepted, several limitations exist. Baddeley himself acknowledged that the original model proposed in 1974 might be incomplete, as it did not fully account for all aspects of memory. Critiques have emerged regarding the role of the central executive, with Robbins (1996) finding that it may not be the phonological loop that plays a primary role in complex tasks, such as recalling chess positions.
Step 4
Summarize overall effectiveness of the model
Answer
In summary, the working memory model effectively accounts for the distinct storage systems and has garnered substantial research support. However, it also faces challenges and criticisms that suggest further refinements and expansions are necessary to fully capture the complexity of memory processes.