Read Item F below and answer the question that follows - AQA - A-Level Sociology - Question 9 - 2018 - Paper 2

To evaluate the view that social class differences in health chances stem from cultural factors, we first need to define what cultural factors entail. Cultural factors encompass attitudes, beliefs, norms, and values that influence behaviors related to health. For instance, individuals from higher social classes may prioritize healthful diets and regular exercise due to cultural norms that value fitness and well-being.

Analyzing Item F, the assertion that cultural factors play a significant role is supported by evidence that social behaviors regarding health can vary dramatically between social classes. For example, lower-income groups may exhibit higher levels of smoking and poor dietary choices, which could be attributed to cultural attitudes toward health.

However, we must also consider the counter-argument presented in Item F, which states that material factors, such as access to resources and healthcare, are more crucial. Material factors can greatly influence health outcomes, as individuals in lower social classes may lack access to quality healthcare, nutritious food, and safe environments to exercise. Research has shown a strong association between socioeconomic status and health disparities, indicating that material deprivation can lead to poorer health outcomes.

Additionally, it is important to address the interaction between cultural and material factors. Cultural attitudes may influence behaviors, but without adequate material resources, even the best intentions may not lead to improved health. For example, a person may value a nutritious diet but may lack the financial means to purchase healthy food.

In conclusion, while cultural factors undoubtedly play a role in health behaviors across social classes, it is insufficient to attribute health disparities solely to these factors. The influence of material conditions and the interplay between cultural and material factors should be considered in evaluating social class differences in health chances.