The correct answer is C, which is typically the aorta, responsible for transporting blood at high pressure away from the heart.

The correct order is: right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery.

Evaluation of Statins and Stents

Advantages of Statins

• Non-invasive treatment: Statins can be taken as a daily medication without the need for surgery.
• Lowers cholesterol: They effectively decrease blood cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of plaque formation in arteries.
• Prevents blood clots: Statins may help prevent the buildup of fatty materials in the arteries, maintaining blood flow to heart cells.
• Cost-effective: Generally cheaper compared to surgical options like stents.

Disadvantages of Statins

• Side effects: Patients may experience side effects, such as muscle pain.
• Time to take effect: The benefits of statins may take time to manifest, often requiring consistent use.
• Adherence issues: Patients might forget to take their medication regularly.

Advantages of Stents

• Immediate results: Stents provide instant relief by keeping arteries open, thus increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.
• Quick recovery: Patients generally recover faster from stent procedures compared to open-heart surgeries.

Disadvantages of Stents

• Invasive procedure: Requires surgery, which carries risks such as infection or bleeding.
• Risk of thrombosis: Risk of clots forming at the site of the stent, potentially causing complications.

Conclusion

Both treatments serve to reduce the risk of heart attacks, however, the choice may depend on patient-specific factors, including medical history and personal preferences.

Heart attack survivors may experience breathlessness as a result of damaged heart muscle, which hinders the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. Consequently, less oxygen is delivered to the muscles during exertion, leading to increased fatigue and difficulty during physical activities. Additionally, the heart may work harder to meet the oxygen demands, causing rapid breathing and an overall feeling of breathlessness.

Stem cells are essential for creating the patches because they possess the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, including heart muscle cells. This property allows the patches to integrate with the surrounding tissue and facilitate the repair process by replacing the damaged cells, promoting regeneration and restoring normal heart function.

1. Reduced risk of rejection: Utilizing the patient’s own cells minimizes the likelihood of immune rejection compared to using foreign embryonic cells.
2. No ethical concerns: Using the person’s own stem cells avoids ethical issues associated with the destruction of embryos typically involved in obtaining embryonic stem cells.