Titanium is a transition metal - AQA - GCSE Chemistry - Question 8 - 2018 - Paper 1
Question 8
Titanium is a transition metal.
Titanium is extracted from titanium dioxide in a two stage industrial process.
Stage 1
TiO₂ + 2 C + 2 Cl₂ → TiCl₄ + 2 CO
Stage 2
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Worked Solution & Example Answer:Titanium is a transition metal - AQA - GCSE Chemistry - Question 8 - 2018 - Paper 1
Step 1
Suggest one hazard associated with Stage 1.
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Answer
Chlorine is toxic and can pose serious health risks, including respiratory issues, if inhaled.
Step 2
Give one reason why it would be hazardous if water came into contact with sodium.
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Contact with water would produce sodium hydroxide, which is caustic and can generate explosive hydrogen gas.
Step 3
Suggest why the reaction in Stage 2 is carried out in an atmosphere of argon and not in air.
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Argon is inert and prevents reactions with oxygen and moisture in the air, which could affect the yield and safety of the reaction.
Step 4
Explain why you would not expect titanium chloride to be a liquid at room temperature.
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Metal chlorides are usually ionic and have high melting points due to strong ionic bonds, which would suggest titanium chloride should be solid at room temperature.
Step 5
Why is this an oxidation reaction?
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In this reaction, sodium loses electrons to form sodium ions, which constitutes oxidation.
Step 6
Complete the half equation for the oxidation reaction.
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Na → Na⁺ + e⁻
Step 7
Explain why titanium chloride is the limiting reactant.
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Answer
The molar mass of TiCl₄ is 190 g/mol, and the reaction requires 211 mol of TiCl₄ for 20 kg of sodium. Since only 40 kg of TiCl₄ was available, it is the limiting reactant.
Step 8
Calculate the actual mass of titanium produced.
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The actual mass is calculated as:
(actual mass) = (percentage yield / 100) * theoretical mass
