The driver of a vehicle sees a hazard on the road - AQA - GCSE Physics - Question 3 - 2019 - Paper 1

Several key factors influence the stopping distance of a vehicle during an emergency. These include:

1. Reaction Time

The time taken for a driver to react to a hazard can significantly affect stopping distance. Longer reaction times, which may be caused by fatigue, distractions, age, or substance use, result in the vehicle traveling further before the brakes are applied.

2. Vehicle Speed

The higher the speed of the vehicle, the greater the stopping distance. This is because the distance a vehicle travels while the brakes are engaged increases with speed, as a vehicle's kinetic energy is proportional to the square of its speed.

3. Road Conditions

The condition of the road is crucial; wet or icy roads can reduce friction and increase the distance required to stop. Different types of road surfaces can also impact the braking effectiveness.

4. Tyre Condition

The type and condition of the tyres affect the grip on the road. Worn tyres may not grip well, increasing stopping distance.

5. Braking Force

The braking force applied to the wheels can vary based on the braking system and maintenance of the vehicle. A stronger braking force can substantially decrease stopping distance.

6. Vehicle Mass

The weight of the vehicle influences the deceleration force. Heavier vehicles require more force to stop compared to lighter ones, leading to longer stopping distances.