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6 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology Combined Science - Question 6 - 2018 - Paper 1
Question 6
6 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller. This painkiller is usually obtained from opium poppies. One method for genetically modifying a... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:6 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology Combined Science - Question 6 - 2018 - Paper 1
Step 1
Explain how a gene can be inserted into a plasmid.
Answer
To insert a gene into a plasmid, the first step is to cut both the plasmid and the desired gene using a restriction enzyme. This ensures that both the plasmid and the gene have complementary sticky ends. After the cut, the gene can be inserted into the plasmid, and the two can be linked using ligase. This process forms a recombinant plasmid that contains the desired gene.
Step 2
Discuss the possible benefits and risks of producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast cells rather than extracting the painkillers from poppies.
Answer
Benefits of producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast include:
- Rapid growth: Yeast cells can multiply quickly, potentially leading to increased yields of painkillers in a shorter time period.
- Less space required: Cultivating yeast takes up less physical space compared to growing opium poppies.
- Weather independence: Yeast can be grown in controlled environments, eliminating the dependency on weather conditions, which can affect poppy cultivation.
However, there are also risks to consider:
- Health concerns: There may be worries regarding the safety and efficacy of painkillers produced from genetically modified yeast.
- Regulatory issues: The production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may lead to illegal manufacturing practices.
- Environmental impact: Concerns about GM yeast potentially interacting with natural ecosystems should be taken into account.
Step 3
Describe how these changes in DNA sequence can affect the individuals and how sequencing a person's genome could influence their medical treatments.
Answer
Changes in DNA sequences can lead to mutations that affect an individual's phenotype. For example, some variations can predispose individuals to genetic diseases or impact how they respond to medications. By sequencing a person's genome, healthcare providers can identify genetic predispositions to certain diseases, allowing for early intervention or monitoring. It also helps in tailoring medical treatments to the individual’s unique genetic makeup, potentially enhancing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Moreover, knowledge of genetic risks can empower individuals to make informed lifestyle changes to mitigate health risks.