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6 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology Combined Science - Question 6 - 2018 - Paper 1
Question 6
6 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller. This painkiller is usually obtained from opium poppies. One method for genetically modifying a... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:6 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology Combined Science - Question 6 - 2018 - Paper 1
Step 1
Explain how a gene can be inserted into a plasmid.
Answer
To insert a gene into a plasmid, the following steps can be followed:
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Cutting the Plasmid and Gene: A restriction enzyme is used to cut both the plasmid and the desired gene. This creates specific sticky ends on both the plasmid and the gene that ensure they complement each other.
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Ligation: The gene is then inserted into the plasmid by using an enzyme called ligase. This enzyme facilitates the joining of the sticky ends, effectively incorporating the gene into the plasmid.
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Transformation: The recombinant plasmid can then be introduced into yeast cells through a process called transformation, allowing the yeast to express the desired gene.
Step 2
Discuss the possible benefits and risks of producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast cells rather than extracting the painkillers from poppies.
Answer
Benefits:
- Rapid Growth: Genetically modified yeast cells can grow rapidly, leading to an increased yield of painkillers in a shorter time period compared to growing opium poppies.
- Space Efficiency: Yeast cells take up less space than traditional poppy fields, allowing for more efficient production in limited areas.
- Weather Independence: Yeast cultivation is not affected by weather conditions, ensuring a steady supply of the painkiller regardless of environmental factors.
Risks:
- Regulatory Concerns: There may be concerns over genetically modified organisms (GMOs) being manufactured illegally or without proper oversight.
- Efficacy Concerns: Painkillers produced by genetically modified yeast might not have identical efficacy compared to those extracted from poppies, which could affect patient outcomes.
- Environmental Impact: There is a risk of GM yeast organisms entering the environment, potentially disrupting local ecosystems.
Step 3
Describe how changes in DNA sequence can affect the individuals and how sequencing a person's genome could influence their medical treatments.
Answer
Changes in an individual's DNA sequence, known as mutations, can have various impacts:
- Genetic Diseases: Mutations can lead to genetic diseases by altering or disrupting normal gene function. For example, certain mutations in genes can predispose individuals to hereditary conditions.
- Risk Assessments: Individuals may identify their risk of developing certain diseases through genetic testing, allowing them to modify their lifestyle to reduce risk or implement early interventions.
Sequencing a person’s genome can greatly influence medical treatments by:
- Personalized Medicine: By understanding specific genetic variants, healthcare professionals can prescribe tailored treatments that are more effective for the individual’s unique genetic profile.
- Understanding Disease Mechanisms: Sequencing provides insights into the function of genes and proteins, enhancing the understanding of certain diseases and leading to improved treatment strategies.
- Preventive Measures: Knowledge of genetic predispositions can guide individuals in taking preventive measures, thereby improving health outcomes.