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9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 9 - 2018 - Paper 1
Question 9
9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller. This painkiller is usually obtained from opium poppies. This method for genetically modifying ... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 9 - 2018 - Paper 1
Step 1
Explain how a gene can be inserted into a plasmid.
Answer
To insert a gene into a plasmid, follow these key steps:
- Cut the Plasmid: Use a restriction enzyme to cut the plasmid DNA. This creates open ends that are ready to bind with the desired gene.
- Insert the Gene: The desired gene, which has been cut with the same restriction enzyme, is then inserted into the plasmid, ensuring that the sticky ends match.
- Seal the Insert: Use ligase to seal the gene into the plasmid, allowing for stable incorporation into the plasmid's structure.
Step 2
Discuss the possible benefits and risks of producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast cells rather than extracting the painkillers from poppies.
Answer
Benefits
- Rapid Growth: Yeast cells grow rapidly, allowing for quicker production of painkillers compared to the slower growth of opium poppy plants.
- Higher Yield: Genetically modified yeast can potentially produce a higher yield of painkillers per unit of input, making the process more efficient.
- Reduced Space Requirement: Yeast cultivation requires less space than traditional farming of opium poppies, which could lead to simpler logistics and lower land usage.
Risks
- Regulatory Concerns: There are concerns regarding the legality of producing genetically modified yeast, as regulations around GM organisms can be strict, leading to potential legal issues.
- Effectiveness: The painkillers produced by GM yeast may not be identical to those extracted from poppies, potentially leading to variations in efficacy and patient response.
- Environmental Impact: The release of genetically modified organisms into the environment raises concerns about ecological impact and unintended consequences in local ecosystems.