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Scientists completed the Human Genome Project in 2003 - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 5 - 2017 - Paper 1
Question 5
Scientists completed the Human Genome Project in 2003. (a) The graph shows the number of DNA base pairs sequenced from 1996 to the beginning of 2001. (i) Complete ... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Scientists completed the Human Genome Project in 2003 - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 5 - 2017 - Paper 1
Step 1
Step 2
Suggest why the number of base pairs sequenced each year increased.
Answer
The number of base pairs sequenced each year increased due to advancements in sequencing technologies, which allowed for faster and more efficient processing of DNA samples. Additionally, increased funding and collaboration among scientists contributed to the growth in the scale of sequencing efforts.
Step 3
State two ways that the Human Genome Project has been used to improve medical science.
Answer
- The Human Genome Project has enabled the identification of genetic mutations associated with specific diseases, leading to improved diagnostic techniques.
- It has facilitated the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine by providing insights into individual genetic profiles.
Step 4
Describe how a gene is transcribed for use in the cytoplasm.
Answer
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of the DNA called the promoter. The DNA strands unwind and separate, allowing for the synthesis of a complementary mRNA strand. This process occurs in the nucleus, where the enzyme reads the DNA template strand and assembles RNA nucleotides into a single strand of mRNA. After transcription, mRNA is processed by adding a 5' cap and a poly-A tail, then it exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm for translation.
Step 5
Explain how a gene mutation could reduce the rate of activity of this enzyme.
Answer
A gene mutation could alter the amino acid sequence of the enzyme, potentially changing its shape and affecting its active site. This can lead to decreased enzyme activity as the substrate may not fit properly, significantly reducing the enzyme's ability to catalyze reactions. Additionally, mutations may cause the enzyme to become unstable or degrade more quickly, which further decreases its functional level.