Photo AI
1 (a) Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2021 - Paper 1
Question 1
1 (a) Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms. - The Marcher earldoms were the areas created along the border with Wales, allowing for easier control of the r... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:1 (a) Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2021 - Paper 1
Step 1
Explain why Harold won the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Answer
Harold Godwinson's victory at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on September 25, 1066, was influenced by several key factors:
-
Surprise Attack: Harold's army launched a surprise attack against King Harald Hardrada’s forces, catching them off guard. This advantage was crucial in the early stages of the battle.
-
The Role of Gate Fulford: The earlier conflict at Gate Fulford weakened Harold’s enemies. His forces had already faced and defeated Hardrada’s key allies, which contributed to demoralizing the Viking troops.
-
Housecarls' Significance: The elite housecarls, who were well-trained and heavily armed infantry, played a significant role in the battle. Their effectiveness and strategic positioning helped to withstand the Viking assault and turn the tide in favor of Harold.
-
Numerical Superiority: Harold’s forces increased in size as more local fighters joined him upon hearing of the battle. This numerical advantage allowed the English to outmatch the Vikings, who were already weary from previous battles.
-
Viking Distractions: Following the harsh march up from the north and the prior battle, Hardrada's troops were fatigued and less organized, providing Harold with the opportunity to exploit their vulnerabilities.
Overall, it was a combination of swift tactics, strong local support, and the strategic use of well-trained troops that led to Harold’s victory at Stamford Bridge.
Step 2
Loss of land was the main reason for the revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar in 1068: How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
The argument that loss of land was the main reason for the revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar in 1068 is compelling but should be considered alongside other contributing factors:
-
Earldoms Loss: The loss of traditional lands and privileges under Norman rule angered many Anglo-Saxon nobles. Edwin and Morcar felt particularly threatened as William redistributed land to his supporters, undermining their power.
-
Taxation and Feudal Obligations: The heavy taxation imposed by William's regime further incited discontent among nobles who saw their wealth and influence diminished. This led to increased frustration and a feeling of disenfranchisement.
-
Alliance with the Saxon People: The revolting earls managed to rally support among the disgruntled Anglo-Saxon populace who resented Norman domination. The social unrest due to land loss certainly fueled their cause.
-
Promised Support from Others: Furthermore, promises of support from other Anglo-Saxon nobles incited Edwin and Morcar to act. However, the lack of cohesive support from other noble families may indicate that while land loss contributed to the revolt, it was not the sole reason.
-
Political Instability: The overall political instability following the Norman Conquest played a crucial role in rising tensions. As local lords lost their power, they were more likely to revolt against the new regime.
In conclusion, while loss of land was a significant factor in the revolt, it should be viewed in the broader context of taxation, political instability, and social unrest that characterized this tumultuous period.
Step 3
Under Norman rule, there were major changes to the society and economy of Anglo-Saxon England: How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
Under Norman rule, significant changes to the society and economy of Anglo-Saxon England were evident:
-
Trade Transformation: The Normans introduced more structured trade systems, centralizing economic activities and establishing new market towns. This enhanced commerce and encouraged wealth accumulation among the Norman elite.
-
Village Life Changes: Norman arrivals often led to alterations in village life, as local customs were overridden by Norman practices. The introduction of feudalism brought about a hierarchical structure that changed traditional Anglo-Saxon social orders.
-
Land Redistribution: The land was reallocated to Norman nobles, impacting the existing landholding patterns drastically. The concept of ownership shifted towards a class that had connections to the Crown, marginalizing traditional Anglo-Saxon landowners.
-
Taxation Systems: The introduction of heavier taxation under the Normans affected the local economy and generated resentment. This taxation system shifted wealth from local Anglo-Saxon lords to the Norman king and his followers.
-
Cultural Integration: Despite the changes, some integration of Anglo-Saxon culture remained. Local customs continued, albeit adapted to new influences.
In summary, while there were indeed major changes and disruptions under Norman rule, some existing elements persisted, suggesting that the transformation was significant but not entirely uniform.