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1 (a) Describe two features of the pogroms of 1189–90 against the Jewish population in England - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2021 - Paper 1
Question 1
1 (a) Describe two features of the pogroms of 1189–90 against the Jewish population in England. Feature 1 (b) Explain why Richard I failed to recapture Jerusalem. ... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:1 (a) Describe two features of the pogroms of 1189–90 against the Jewish population in England - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2021 - Paper 1
Step 1
Describe two features of the pogroms of 1189–90 against the Jewish population in England.
Answer
The pogroms of 1189–90 against the Jewish population in England were characterized by significant violence and social upheaval.
One notable feature was the attack that began during Richard I's coronation in London. Many individuals took this opportunity to assault Jewish communities, driven by a mixture of anti-Semitism and the allure of wealth. As an example, some rioters even attempted to seize the king's gifts intended for Richard I, targeting the Jews for their perceived wealth.
A second feature involved the response by Jewish communities themselves. In York, for instance, Jews took refuge in the castle as the violence escalated. However, this effort failed as the attackers besieged the castle, leading to a tragic outcome where many Jews, faced with the choice between conversion and death, chose to take their own lives rather than surrender.
Step 2
Explain why Richard I failed to recapture Jerusalem.
Answer
Richard I's failure to recapture Jerusalem can be attributed to a combination of logistical challenges and strategic miscalculations.
Firstly, the supplies of food for the Crusaders became increasingly inadequate as they advanced. This shortage undermined their military capabilities and morale, making it challenging to sustain a prolonged siege against Saladin's fortified positions.
Additionally, Saladin’s leadership proved to be highly effective. His ability to mobilize resources and troops allowed him to counter the Crusaders’ advances effectively. The strategic decisions made by Saladin to fortify key locations significantly hindered Richard's military operations.
Furthermore, the Crusaders' internal disagreements and fatigue from previous campaigns also played a crucial role in their inability to advance. As a result, Richard, who was initially determined to reclaim the city, had to consider returning to England to protect his own territories.
Step 3
‘Knight service was the most important factor in the king’s control of England.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
Knight service was indeed a critical component of royal authority in medieval England. It provided the king with a reliable military force composed of vassals who were obliged to serve in times of war. This system allowed the king to project power and maintain control over his territories effectively.
However, other factors also played substantial roles in the king’s governance. For instance, the use of sheriffs and local officials helped manage justice and taxation across the realm, contributing significantly to royal authority.
Thus, while knight service was vital for military matters, the balance of power relied heavily on a combination of local governance and feudal obligations. In conclusion, while knight service was important, it was not the sole factor; effective administration also played a key role in the king’s control of England.