Explain why religion was attacked by the CCP in Mao's China - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 2 - 2020 - Paper 1

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Mao Zedong targeted religion for several reasons that were deeply rooted in its ideological framework.

Ideological Conflict

Firstly, the CCP viewed religion as antithetical to Marxist principles. Marxism promotes atheism and regards religion as a tool of oppression that distracts the proletariat from achieving true class consciousness. The CCP believed that religious beliefs could undermine loyalty to the Communist state, leading to potential dissent.

Control and Authority

Secondly, by attacking religion, the CCP sought to consolidate its authority and control over the Chinese population. Buddhist temples and practices, along with ancestor worship, often fostered strong community bonds that could rival the Party’s influence. The CCP aimed to replace these with loyalty to the Party itself. This was exemplified in campaigns that destroyed temples and shrines, branding them as feudal remnants.

Social Reformation

Furthermore, Mao's vision for a new China involved a transformation of societal values. Religion was seen as a barrier to the modernization and collectivization efforts that the CCP promoted. The eradication of religious practices was part of a broader movement to reshape Chinese society, fostering a new communist identity devoid of traditional attachments.

Specific Examples

• Buddhism: The CCP's campaigns particularly targeted Buddhism due to its extensive networks of temples and its influence on millions of followers. Monasteries were often repurposed, and monks faced persecution to diminish Buddhism's societal role.
• Ancestor Worship: Ancestor worship deeply connected individuals to their families and heritage. The CCP viewed this as a hindrance to promoting loyalty to the state. By attacking this practice, the Party sought to redefine familial loyalty in terms of allegiance to the Communist Party.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the CCP's attack on religion, especially Buddhism and ancestor worship, stemmed from its desire to eradicate perceived threats to its ideological goals, assert control over the populace, and enact social reforms aligned with communist ideals. This campaign was integral to the broader strategy of consolidating power and promoting a radical transformation of Chinese society.