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1 (a) Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2021 - Paper 1
Question 1
1 (a) Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms. 1 (b) Explain why Harold won the Battle of Stamford Bridge. You may use the following in your answer: - Gate F... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:1 (a) Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2021 - Paper 1
Step 1
Describe two features of the Marcher earldoms.
Answer
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Autonomy and Military Role: The Marcher earldoms operated relatively autonomously, allowing their earls considerable power to manage their territories. They were responsible for securing the borders against Welsh attacks and had special rights, such as the ability to build castles without royal permission.
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Land Tenure Stability: The earldoms were strategically focused on the management of land, which was essential for maintaining power and influence in the region, especially after the Norman Conquest.
Step 2
Explain why Harold won the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
Answer
Harold's victory at Stamford Bridge can be attributed to multiple factors:
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Surprise and Preparation: Harold's swift march from the south allowed his forces to catch the opposing army off guard. This strategic advantage was crucial in the initial stages of the battle, leading to a quicker engagement.
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Superior Tactics: The use of housecarls, who were heavily armed and trained for close combat, provided an edge in battle against the Vikings, who were not as well-prepared for the fight.
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Defensive Position: Harold’s troops fought defensively, taking advantage of their knowledge of the terrain, which played a significant role in the outcome.
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Viking Weaknesses: The Norwegian forces, despite their initial successes, were fatigued from their earlier campaign and lacked cohesive tactics, ultimately contributing to their defeat.
Step 3
'Loss of land was the main reason for the revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar in 1068.' How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
While the loss of land was a significant factor in the revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar, other reasons also contributed:
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Land Loss: The English earls felt aggrieved by the redistribution of land to Norman nobles, which created resentment among the Anglo-Saxon elite.
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Political Discontent: There was a general dissatisfaction with Norman rule, including concerns over increased taxation and loss of traditional power. Edwin and Morcar's motivations were also rooted in a desire to reclaim their influence.
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Personal Grievances: Both earls had personal issues with King William, which fueled their desire to rebel. Edwin lost his sister, who was married to King William, deepening the rift between them.
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External Influences: Moreover, the encouragement from other Anglo-Saxon leaders and the hope for support from the Scots played a part in motivating the revolt.
Step 4
'Under Norman rule, there were major changes to the society and economy of Anglo-Saxon England.' How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
Yes, there were significant changes, although some aspects of Anglo-Saxon society persisted:
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Feudal System Introduced: The Norman Conquest transformed governance by establishing a feudal system where land was held on the basis of loyalty to the king, displacing traditional Anglo-Saxon landownership structures.
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Changes in Land Use and Economy: Agriculture shifted as Normans introduced more efficient methods, altering village life and local economies. Trade routes were affected, and market towns became more prominent under Norman administration.
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Cultural Influences: The Normans brought different customs, language, and administrative practices, influencing social hierarchies and interactions.
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Continuity of Traditions: However, many Anglo-Saxon customs, including village life and certain local practices, remained intact, showing resilience in the face of change.