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1 (a) Describe two features of castles in Norman England - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2019 - Paper 1
Question 1
1 (a) Describe two features of castles in Norman England. (b) Explain why there was a succession crisis after the death of Edward the Confessor. You may use the f... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:1 (a) Describe two features of castles in Norman England - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2019 - Paper 1
Step 1
Describe two features of castles in Norman England.
Answer
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Structure and Design: Norman castles were primarily built using a motte and bailey design, featuring a raised earthwork (the motte) topped with a wooden or stone keep, and an enclosed courtyard (the bailey) surrounded by a palisade. This design provided strategic advantages for defense and control over the surrounding area.
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Functionality: Castles served not only as military strongholds but also as administrative centers. They were often the residence of local lords, providing a place for governance, storage of supplies, and spaces for gatherings, which helped establish the authority of the Norman rulers.
Step 2
Explain why there was a succession crisis after the death of Edward the Confessor.
Answer
The succession crisis following Edward the Confessor's death in 1066 can be attributed to several factors:
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Weakness of the Witan: The Witan, England's assembly of nobles, was divided over succession. Some supported Harold Godwinson, while others favored claims from Duke William of Normandy or Harald Hardrada, creating conflict and confusion over who should rightfully take the throne.
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Claims to the Throne: William of Normandy claimed that Edward had promised him the throne, while Harold claimed that he had been chosen by the Witan. This dual claim led to tensions that escalated into military conflict, ultimately contributing to the Norman Conquest.
The lack of a clear successor and the competing interests of noble families further exacerbated the situation, making the succession crisis a fundamental issue during this period.
Step 3
‘The late arrival of the Danes was the main reason for the failure of the Revolt of the Earls (1075)’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
While the late arrival of the Danes played a role in the failure of the Revolt of the Earls, it was not the sole reason. Other significant factors include:
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Leadership Issues: The revolt lacked cohesive leadership and coordination, with Waltheof's indecision undermining their efforts. Without a strong, united front, the uprising struggled against the established authority.
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Military Strength of William: William the Conqueror's military prowess and resources were formidable. His ability to respond decisively to threats meant that the revolt, regardless of external support, was facing an uphill battle.
In conclusion, while the Danes' late arrival did hinder the rebels, it was the combination of poor organization and the strength of William's forces that primarily led to the revolt's failure.
Step 4
‘The main consequence of the Domesday Book was that it increased William’s ability to raise money.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
The Domesday Book indeed had significant financial implications, yet its consequences extend beyond just monetary gains:
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Taxation Efficiency: The meticulous record-keeping in the Domesday Book allowed for more effective taxation. By cataloging resources, landholdings, and population sizes, William was able to assess and collect taxes more efficiently, thus increasing revenue.
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Political Control: Additionally, the Domesday Book helped William assert control over his newly conquered territories. By establishing a clear understanding of land ownership, it curtailed disputes and solidified his authority, which indirectly supported his financial aims by stabilizing the realm.
Thus, while increasing his ability to raise money was a significant consequence, the Domesday Book's role in establishing political stability and control should also be recognized.