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Write a narrative account analysing the key events of the 'Second Cold War' (1979–85) - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 2 - 2021 - Paper 1
Question 2
Write a narrative account analysing the key events of the 'Second Cold War' (1979–85). You may use the following in your answer: • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Write a narrative account analysing the key events of the 'Second Cold War' (1979–85) - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 2 - 2021 - Paper 1
Step 1
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Answer
In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which marked a significant escalation in Cold War tensions. The USSR justified this action by stating it was to support a communist government threatened by insurgent groups. This invasion was met with widespread international condemnation and led to a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics by several countries, including the United States, as a form of protest against Soviet aggression. In response, the U.S. increased support for Afghan resistance groups, known as the Mujahideen, including military aid and financial resources, which highlighted the superpower rivalry.
Step 2
Strategic Defence Initiative
Answer
In March 1983, U.S. President Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), also known as 'Star Wars'. This program aimed to develop a missile defense system that could protect the U.S. from nuclear missile strikes. The SDI raised concerns in the USSR about further escalation of arms development and nuclear competition. Reagan's announcement further intensified the arms race, reflecting the heightened tensions during this period. Critics argued that the program was impractical and could destabilize the balance of power between the two nations.
Step 3
Broader Context and Impacts
Answer
Throughout the Second Cold War, the arms race accelerated, with both the U.S. and USSR investing heavily in military technology. The U.S. increased defense spending significantly, while the USSR faced economic challenges exacerbated by military expenditures. The conflict in Afghanistan drained Soviet resources, leading to internal dissent and highlighting the inefficiencies of the Soviet system. This period also saw ideological confrontations, as both superpowers sought to expand their influence globally, ultimately setting the stage for significant political changes that would culminate in the later years of the Cold War.