a) Many different types of radiation are used by doctors - Edexcel - GCSE Physics - Question 6 - 2015 - Paper 1

Radiation from radioactive sources can be dangerous to people due to several reasons:

1. Cell Damage: Radiation can ionize atoms in cells, leading to cell damage or death. High levels of exposure may result in radiation sickness, which includes symptoms such as nausea, hair loss, and skin burns.

2. Cancer Risk: Prolonged exposure can increase the risk of cancer as the DNA in cells may be altered, leading to mutations that can cause uncontrolled cell growth.

3. Tissue Damage: Different types of radiation penetrate tissues to varying extents, and this can result in localized damage to organs if they are exposed to high doses.

4. Radiation Accumulation: Certain radioactive materials can accumulate in the body, continuously exposing cells to radiation over time, which enhances the risk of long-term health problems.

Medical staff can take several precautions to ensure their safety from radioactive materials:

1. Lead Shields: Using lead aprons or barriers can effectively shield staff from exposure, particularly during procedures involving X-rays or gamma rays.

2. Distance: Maintaining a safe distance from sources of radiation reduces exposure. The principle of distance provides that exposure decreases significantly with greater distance from the source.

3. Time Limitations: Minimizing the time spent near radioactive sources reduces the overall dose received. Staff should limit their exposure whenever possible.

4. Monitoring Devices: Wearing personal dosimeters can help staff monitor their exposure levels to ensure they remain within safe limits.

5. Regular Training: Ongoing training about the safe handling of radioactive materials and understanding radiation safety protocols is essential to prevent accidental exposure.