How does Shakespeare portray the effect Macbeth has on Scotland? Refer to this extract from Act 2 Scene 4 and elsewhere in the play - OCR - GCSE English Literature - Question 5 - 2021 - Paper 1

Shakespeare portrays the effect Macbeth has on Scotland primarily through the use of symbolism, dialogue, and the reactions of other characters.

Firstly, the symbolism of darkness plays a significant role. After Duncan's murder, the natural order is disrupted; this is reflected in the weather, as noted by Ross and the Old Man. They remark on how the day is unusually dark for daytime, illustrating that Macbeth's actions have led to a moral and physical darkness enveloping Scotland.

Secondly, the dialogue between characters emphasizes the fear and confusion that reigns within the kingdom. For instance, Ross mentions how the horses, once well-trained, have turned wild, symbolizing the chaos that ensues post-Duncan’s death. This shift mirrors the breakdown of social order and suggests that Macbeth's rise to power leads to widespread unrest.

Furthermore, the reactions of Ross and the Old Man depict a deep sense of foreboding. Their conversation reveals that people are connecting unnatural occurrences with Duncan's murder, implying that Macbeth's ambition has far-reaching effects on Scotland’s fate. Ross expresses hope for a better future, showcasing the struggle against despair that the people face, suggesting that while Macbeth's impact is profound, there is still a desire for restoration and justice.

In conclusion, through the discussed literary techniques, Shakespeare illustrates how Macbeth’s actions not only disrupt societal norms but also contribute to an overarching atmosphere of dread and chaos in Scotland.