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White-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) are primates that live in large social groups in tree tops in South America - Scottish Highers Biology - Question 15 - 2019
Question 15
White-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) are primates that live in large social groups in tree tops in South America. Their predators include humans, birds of ... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:White-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) are primates that live in large social groups in tree tops in South America - Scottish Highers Biology - Question 15 - 2019
Step 1
Calculate the number of encounters with birds of prey when only one monkey called.
Answer
To calculate the number of encounters with birds of prey when only one monkey called, we can use the data provided. Given that there were 155 total encounters with birds of prey and 60% of those encounters involved only one monkey calling:
Number of encounters with only one monkey called = Total encounters × Percentage when only one called
Plugging in the values:
= 155 × 0.60 = 93 encounters.
Step 2
Using the information given, suggest why the highest number of encounters were with birds of prey.
Answer
The highest number of encounters with birds of prey may be attributed to the prominence of these predators in the environment where capuchin monkeys live. Monkeys are typically more exposed to aerial threats like birds of prey, which are often hunting from above. This could lead to more sightings and, consequently, more encounters. Furthermore, the danger posed by birds of prey likely prompts more alarm calls, as these predators can swiftly attack and pose immediate risks.
Step 3
Explain why giving alarm calls can be described as altruistic behaviour.
Answer
Giving alarm calls can be seen as altruistic behavior because it involves a monkey risking its own safety to alert others about a potential danger. By making an alarm call, an individual draws the predator's attention towards itself, thus giving its group members a chance to flee or hide, which aids in their survival. This behavior aligns with the concept of altruism, where an individual’s actions benefit the group, even at a personal cost.
Step 4
Explain why the scientists only recorded the calls from adult monkeys.
Answer
The scientists likely only recorded the calls from adult monkeys because young monkeys may not have fully developed their alarm calling skills. Adult monkeys are typically more experienced in identifying dangers and using alarm calls effectively. By focusing on adult calls, researchers can ensure that the data collected reflects accurate and reliable alarm responses to predators.
Step 5
State the advantages of these behaviours.
Answer
Forming alliances can lead to increased social cohesion, as it strengthens relationships within the group. This can help individuals gain support during conflicts or resource sharing. Additionally, alliances may improve the group's overall defense against predators.
Appeasement behavior can reduce tension within social hierarchies, preventing conflicts or aggressive encounters that could arise among group members. By showing submissive or calming behaviors, individuals can maintain peace, ensuring a harmonious living environment.