4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019

First, we determine the mass of cider in the volume of the sample:

Mass of cider = volume × density = 50,cm^3 × 1.36,g/cm^3 = 68,g.

Next, we substitute the values into the formula:

[ % mass\ of\ alcohol = \frac{3.05,g}{68,g} \times 100 = 4.48% ]

Thus, the % mass of alcohol in the cider is approximately 4.48%.

Compound X is Carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Malic acid moved 8.2 cm while the solvent moved 16 cm. Thus, the R_f value is calculated as follows:

[ R_f = \frac{8.2,cm}{16,cm} = 0.5125 ]

The R_f value of malic acid is approximately 0.51.

The systematic name for glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol.

Procyanidin B2 is water soluble due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl (–OH) groups. These hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, enhancing solubility. Additionally, the polarity of procyanidin B2 contributes to its ability to interact favorably with the polar molecules of water.

The carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate is 2-methylbutanoic acid.

The molecule on which terpenes are based is isoprene.

The functional group circled in the ethanol molecule is the hydroxyl group (–OH).

The product of further oxidation of ethanol is ethanal (acetaldehyde).