4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Question 4
4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling.
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Worked Solution & Example Answer:4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Step 1
State what is meant by the term enzyme.
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Answer
An enzyme is a biological catalyst or protein that acts to accelerate a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
Step 2
Calculate the % mass of alcohol in the cider.
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Answer
To find the mass of the cider, use the following calculation:
Mass of cider = Volume of cider × Density of cider
= 50 cm³ × 1.36 g/cm³
= 68 g.
Now, using the formula:
% mass of alcohol = ( \frac{3.05 , ext{g}}{68 , ext{g}} \times 100 )
= 4.49%.
The % mass of alcohol in the cider is approximately 4.49%.
Step 3
Name compound X.
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Compound X is likely carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Step 4
Calculate the Rf value of malic acid.
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Answer
To calculate the Rf value of malic acid, use the formula:
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Answer
The systematic name for glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol.
Step 6
Explain fully why procyanidin B2 is water soluble.
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Answer
Procyanidin B2 is water soluble due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups in its structure, which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The polar nature of hydroxyl groups allows the molecule to interact effectively with water, enhancing its solubility.
Step 7
Name the carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate.
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Answer
The carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate is 2-methylbutanoic acid.
Step 8
Name the molecule on which terpenes are based.
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Terpenes are based on the molecule isoprene.
Step 9
Name the functional group circled in the ethanol molecule.
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The functional group in the ethanol molecule is the hydroxyl (-OH) group.
Step 10
Name this product.
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Answer
The product that spoils the flavour of cider due to further oxidation of ethanol is acetaldehyde.
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