4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Question 4
4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling.
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Worked Solution & Example Answer:4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Step 1
State what is meant by the term enzyme.
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Answer
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that acts to accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy required.
Step 2
Calculate the % mass of alcohol in the cider.
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Answer
To find the % mass of alcohol in the cider, we first calculate the mass of cider in a 50 cm³ sample:
Mass of cider = volume × density = 50 cm³ × 1.36 g/cm³ = 68 g.
Using the formula:
% mass of alcohol = ( \frac{3.05 \text{ g}}{68 \text{ g}} \times 100 \approx 4.49% )
Thus, the % mass of alcohol in the cider is approximately 4.49%.
Step 3
Name compound X.
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The compound X is carbon dioxide (CO2).
Step 4
State the systematic name for glycerol.
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The systematic name for glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol.
Step 5
Explain fully why procyanidin B2 is water soluble.
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Procyanidin B2 is water soluble due to the presence of hydroxyl (-OH) groups which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The polarity of these hydroxyl groups increases the molecule's affinity for water, allowing it to dissolve.
Step 6
Name the carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate.
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The carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate is 2-methylbutanoic acid.
Step 7
Name the molecule on which terpenes are based.
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Terpenes are based on the molecule isoprene.
Step 8
Name the functional group circled in the ethanol molecule.
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The functional group in the ethanol molecule is the hydroxyl (-OH) group.
Step 9
Name this product that spoils the flavour of cider.
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The product that spoils the flavour of cider is ethanal (acetaldehyde).
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