4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Question 4
4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling.
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Worked Solution & Example Answer:4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Step 1
State what is meant by the term enzyme.
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Answer
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions in cells without being consumed or permanently altered in the process.
Step 2
Calculate the % mass of alcohol in the cider.
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Answer
To find the % mass of alcohol, first calculate the total mass of the cider sample. Since 1 cm³ of cider weighs 1.36 g, a 50 cm³ sample weighs:
[ % ext{ mass of alcohol} = \frac{3.05 \text{ g}}{68 \text{ g}} \times 100 \approx 4.49% ]
Step 3
Name compound X.
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Carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Step 4
State the systematic name for glycerol.
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Propane-1,2,3-triol.
Step 5
Explain fully why procyanidin B2 is water soluble.
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Procyanidin B2 is soluble in water because it has multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This polarity allows for compatibility with aqueous solutions.
Step 6
Name the carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate.
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2-methylbutanoic acid.
Step 7
Name the molecule on which terpenes are based.
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Isoprene.
Step 8
Name the functional group circled in the ethanol molecule.
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The functional group is the hydroxyl (-OH) group.
Step 9
Name the product that spoils the flavour of cider.
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The product is ethanal (acetaldehyde).
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