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To what extent was there a growth of nationalism in Germany, up to 1850? - Scottish Highers History - Question 40 - 2018
Question 40
To what extent was there a growth of nationalism in Germany, up to 1850?
Worked Solution & Example Answer:To what extent was there a growth of nationalism in Germany, up to 1850? - Scottish Highers History - Question 40 - 2018
Step 1
Context and Background
Answer
In the early 19th century, the concept of nationalism gained traction in Germany, particularly among the educated middle class. This sentiment was partly a response to the socio-political changes brought about by industrialization and the influence of German writers and thinkers who emphasized a collective German identity. Events such as the Hambach Festival reflected growing nationalist feelings, symbolized by the red, black, and gold colors that became associated with the German national movement.
Step 2
Supporters of Nationalism
Answer
The growth of nationalism was prominently supported by the educated middle class, who increasingly identified with the notion of a unified Germany. This group was influenced by the ideas presented at cultural events and literature advocating for a collective German identity. Additionally, the success of the Zollverein (Customs Union) in promoting economic cooperation among German states fostered a sense of unity and further fueled nationalist aspirations.
Step 3
Influence of Liberals
Answer
The liberal movement in the 1840s contributed to the growth of nationalism. Liberals sought to promote political reforms and economic cooperation among German states. Their campaigns often intersected with nationalist sentiments, especially during calls for a unified national identity. The political tensions between liberals and conservatives highlighted the desire for a cohesive German state, particularly as liberal ideals clashed with the traditional powers in various German states.
Step 4
Opposition to Nationalism
Answer
Despite the rising tide of nationalism, there was significant opposition, notably from Austrian Chancellor Metternich, who perceived nationalism as a threat to the stability of the Austrian Empire. His policies, including censorship and the suppression of nationalist movements, aimed to prevent the spread of these ideas. The repercussions of the Carlsbad Decrees further stifled nationalist fervor by restricting student organizations and promoting strict surveillance of liberal and nationalist activities.
Step 5
Political Unrest and the Frankfurt Parliament
Answer
The political climate of the 1840s saw considerable unrest, marked by demands from workers and peasants for reform. The Frankfurt Parliament, convened in 1848, represented an early attempt to unify Germany and address these concerns. However, internal divisions and lack of effective leadership led to its failure, highlighting the challenges faced by nationalists in achieving their goals amidst political fragmentation and resistance from established authorities.
Step 6
Conclusions on the Growth of Nationalism
Answer
In conclusion, while there was a marked growth of nationalist sentiment in Germany up to 1850, it was tempered by significant opposition from conservative elements and influenced by broader socio-political dynamics. The interplay of supporters and opponents, alongside the liberal movement's aspirations, created a complex landscape for nationalism that would continue to evolve in the subsequent decades.