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To what extent was resentment of Austria the main reason for the growth of nationalism in Italy, 1815–1850? - Scottish Highers History - Question 28 - 2019
Question 28
To what extent was resentment of Austria the main reason for the growth of nationalism in Italy, 1815–1850?
Worked Solution & Example Answer:To what extent was resentment of Austria the main reason for the growth of nationalism in Italy, 1815–1850? - Scottish Highers History - Question 28 - 2019
Step 1
Resentment of Austria
Answer
The Austrian influence in Italy was a significant factor contributing to the growth of nationalism. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria maintained tight control over northern Italian territories such as Lombardy and Venetia. This foreign domination ignited feelings of resentment among Italians, who viewed the Austrians as oppressors.
Key events, such as the 1820 uprisings and revolts in Naples and Sicily, were fueled by nationalist sentiments aimed at liberating Italy from Austrian control. The government's strict censorship and suppression of liberal ideas further intensified opposition to Austrian rule.
Step 2
Cultural Factors
Answer
Cultural factors also played a crucial role in fostering nationalism. Intellectuals like Giuseppe Mazzini and writers such as Alessandro Manzoni influenced public sentiment and spurred the idea of a united Italy. Mazzini's concept of 'Italia' as not just a geographic entity but a cultural and emotional one helped propagate nationalist ideals among the populace. Furthermore, connections to historical figures and symbols, such as the legacy of the Roman Empire, reinforced the desire for Italian unification.
Step 3
Effects of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Answer
The French Revolution and subsequent Napoleonic Wars introduced radical ideas such as liberty and nationalism to the Italian territories. The legacy of these movements encouraged Italians to seek independence and self-determination. The formation of secret societies, like the Carbonari, exemplified the revolutionary spirit that spread across Italy, galvanizing the masses against foreign dominion.
Step 4
Other Factors
Answer
Financial and social issues also played a part in the increase of nationalism. Economic hardship experienced by landowners and the educated middle class, combined with the decline of traditional authority, positioned them against Austrian rule. Additionally, the rivalry among individual Italian states complicated unity, but shared grievances against Austria helped to bring various factions together in the pursuit of a national identity.