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Soviet policy was effective in controlling Eastern Europe up to 1961 - Scottish Highers History - Question 55 - 2018
Question 55
Soviet policy was effective in controlling Eastern Europe up to 1961. How valid is this view?
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Soviet policy was effective in controlling Eastern Europe up to 1961 - Scottish Highers History - Question 55 - 2018
Step 1
Context of Soviet Control in Eastern Europe
Answer
The context surrounding Soviet control in Eastern Europe following the death of Stalin in 1953 is critical to understanding the effectiveness of Soviet policy. Under Nikita Khrushchev's leadership, there was a brief period of reform and criticism towards Stalinism, allowing for some degree of political and economic freedom across satellite states. Nevertheless, this openness was limited and conditional.
Step 2
Soviet Reactions to Events in Poland (1956)
Answer
In Poland, significant unrest arose when riots against economic grievances triggered demands for political change. The Soviets demonstrated control by initially managing the situation through a policy of co-existence but ultimately tightened their grip when necessary. The appointment of Wladyslaw Gomulka as a leader who appeared to be moderate also illustrates the contradictions in Soviet policy.
Step 3
Soviet Reactions to Events in Hungary (1956)
Answer
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 showcased the limits of Soviet control. Initial reforms led to widespread demands for political freedom, but the Soviet Union responded with force, crushing the uprising and reinstating a compliant regime. This harsh response underscored their determination to maintain control in Eastern Europe.
Step 4
Soviet Reactions to Events in Berlin (1961)
Answer
The division of Berlin further highlighted the fragility of Soviet control. The Berlin Wall's erection was a direct response to waves of migration from East to West and represented a desperate measure to prevent further loss of citizens. This situation demonstrated the challenges faced by the Soviets in asserting authority.
Step 5
Military and Ideological Factors
Answer
The military presence and ideological indoctrination played significant roles in maintaining Soviet control. The USSR relied on military force and propaganda to deter dissent and enforce loyalty among Eastern European states. This method proved somewhat effective but ultimately fostered resentment among the populations.
Step 6
Domestic Pressures and Demand for Change
Answer
Domestically, many Eastern European nations expressed a desire for reform and change, further complicating Soviet policy effectiveness. As seen in multiple uprisings and appeals for greater freedoms, the Soviet Union's heavy-handed approaches bred discontent and resistance.
Step 7
Conclusion
Answer
In conclusion, while Soviet policy had mechanisms in place that allowed for a degree of control in Eastern Europe up to 1961, the effectiveness of such policies was consistently challenged by domestic unrest and external pressures. Assessing the validity of this view reveals a complex interplay between repression and the rising demand for freedom.