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How important were the financial problems of the Ancien Régime as a reason for the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789? - Scottish Highers History - Question 37 - 2018
Question 37
How important were the financial problems of the Ancien Régime as a reason for the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789?
Worked Solution & Example Answer:How important were the financial problems of the Ancien Régime as a reason for the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789? - Scottish Highers History - Question 37 - 2018
Step 1
Financial Problems of the Ancien Régime
Answer
The financial problems of the Ancien Régime were critical for the outbreak of the French Revolution. By the late 18th century, France was in dire financial straits largely due to the costs incurred during the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence. By the 1780s, approximately half of France's budget was being allocated to service these debts. This stressed the state’s ability to respond to economic challenges effectively, leading to a loss of confidence among the populace.
Moreover, the tax structure was heavily weighted against the Third Estate, who bore the financial burden while the nobility and clergy were mostly exempt. This inequity fueled resentment and provoked demands for reform.
Step 2
Role of the Bourgeoisie
Answer
The rise of the bourgeoisie during the 18th century significantly altered the social landscape in France. Educated members sought political power and were increasingly frustrated by their exclusion from state policy-making. Their understanding of contemporary philosophical ideas further amplified their desire for change, as they believed in the principles of equality and representation, which starkly contrasted with the privileges enjoyed by the nobility. This class played a vital role in voicing the frustrations of the common people and advocating for reform.
Step 3
Actions of Louis XVI
Answer
Louis XVI's actions also contributed to the financial crisis. His concessions to the First Estate, and the Church’s increasing discontent with both the monarchy and the system greatly destabilized French society. The king's failure to effectively manage the Estates General in 1789 was a turning point that indicated a breakdown of the Ancien Régime. Without signaling significant reforms, Louis exacerbated existing tensions, edging France further towards revolution.
Step 4
Influence of the Enlightenment
Answer
The Enlightenment period brought critical philosophical ideas that challenged the foundations of the Ancien Régime. Thinkers like Rousseau and Montesquieu encouraged notions of democracy and governance that directly questioned absolute monarchy. Their works inspired the educated classes and revolutionaries, amplifying the calls for political reform and asserting the rights of individuals, which resonated deeply with the dissatisfied populace.
Step 5
Economic Crises of 1788/89
Answer
Prior to the revolution, France experienced economic crises that severely affected the lower classes. Harvest failures led to food shortages and rising prices, heightening the sense of urgency and disillusionment among the Third Estate. These crises contributed to widespread unrest and served as a catalyst for revolutionary sentiments.
Step 6
Political Crises of 1788/89
Answer
The political turmoil leading to the revolution was exemplified by the convening of the Estates-General in 1789. This gathering highlighted the systemic divisions within French society—where the Third Estate sought greater representation while being continuously marginalized. The resulting debate over taxation and reform set the stage for revolutionary action against the Ancien Régime.