4.1.2 Eukaryotic DNA

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Eukaryotic DNA differs from prokaryotic DNA in several key ways:

Features of Eukaryotic DNA:

Nuclear DNA:

Found in the nucleus, organised into linear chromosomes.
Associated with histone proteins, forming a complex called chromatin.
Chromosomes are condensed forms of DNA, visible during cell division.

Organellar DNA:

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA, which is:
Short, circular, and similar to prokaryotic DNA.
Not associated with histones.
This DNA codes for proteins specific to the organelle's function (e.g., enzymes for respiration or photosynthesis).

Key Terms:

Eukaryotic DNA: DNA located in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.
Histone Proteins: Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromatin.
Chromatin: The complex of DNA and proteins, which condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

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Exam Tip:

Be prepared to explain the differences between nuclear DNA and organellar DNA in eukaryotic cells, and contrast these with prokaryotic DNA.

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Summary:

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is mostly found in the nucleus, arranged as linear chromosomes and associated with histones. Additionally, mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, independent of the nucleus, for organelle-specific functions.

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