4.6.4 Conservation & Farming

Impact of Agriculture on Biodiversity

• Agricultural ecosystems often reduce biodiversity as humans select specific species or traits, leading to fewer species and reduced genetic diversity.
• Monoculture farming (growing one crop type) limits the number of habitats available, reducing the survival of other species.
• Farmland practices often replace natural ecosystems, which lowers species richness and affects ecosystem stability.

Techniques to Maintain Biodiversity in Farming

To balance agricultural productivity and biodiversity, the following methods can be implemented:

1. Hedgerows: Use hedgerows instead of fences to provide habitats and corridors for wildlife.
2. Intercropping: Grow different crops in the same area to increase species variety and reduce soil degradation.
3. Reduced Herbicide and Pesticide Use: Minimise chemicals to prevent harm to non-target organisms and allow natural predators to thrive.
4. Preserving Wetlands: Avoid draining wetlands as they serve as critical habitats for diverse species.
5. Buffer Zones: Leave uncultivated areas near water bodies to protect aquatic ecosystems.
6. Crop Rotation: Rotate crops annually to maintain soil fertility and prevent the dominance of pests specific to one crop type.

Balancing Farming and Conservation

• Sustainable farming practices aim to maximise yield while protecting ecosystems.
• Government schemes and subsidies can encourage farmers to adopt biodiversity-friendly methods.
• Conservation efforts help maintain ecosystem services, such as pollination, water regulation, and soil fertility, which are essential for agriculture.