10.2.2 The concept of collective ministerial responsibility.

Collective Ministerial Responsibility (CMR)

Concept Overview

Collective Ministerial Responsibility (CMR) is a fundamental principle in the UK's constitutional framework, ensuring the solidarity of the executive branch. It means that all members of the government are collectively responsible for its decisions and policies. Ministers must publicly support all governmental decisions made in Cabinet, even if they disagree privately. If they cannot uphold this, they are expected to resign.

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Key Elements of CMR

1. Unity in Public:

• Ministers must present a united front. Disagreements are to be kept within the confines of Cabinet meetings

2. Confidentiality**:**

• Discussions and debates within Cabinet are to remain confidential. This encourages open and honest dialogue among ministers without fear of public repercussions.

3. Resignation:

• If a minister cannot support a decision, they should resign from their position. This maintains the integrity of the government's collective stance.

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Significance of CMR

• Accountability: Ensures the government operates as a cohesive entity, making it easier to hold it accountable.
• Decision-Making Efficiency: Streamlines the decision-making process by reducing public disagreements that could hinder policy implementation.
• Public Confidence: Promotes a stable and united government, which is crucial for maintaining public confidence.

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Recent Examples and Case Studies

1. Brexit Referendum (2016):

• The Brexit referendum significantly tested the principle of CMR. David Cameron allowed ministers to campaign on either side of the referendum, which was an exception to the rule of unity in public. After the vote to leave, Cameron resigned, showcasing the ultimate consequence of a divided Cabinet and loss of public confidence.

2. Theresa May's Government:

• During Theresa May's tenure, CMR was again strained due to disagreements over the Brexit withdrawal agreement. Notable resignations include David Davis (Brexit Secretary) and Boris Johnson (Foreign Secretary) in 2018. Their resignations highlighted their inability to support the government's stance on the withdrawal agreement.

3. Boris Johnson's Cabinet:

• Johnson's government has seen resignations tied to policy disagreements and personal conduct, further testing CMR. The resignation of Sajid Javid as Chancellor in February 2020 over differences in economic policy direction with Johnson's advisor Dominic Cummings is a notable example. Javid's departure underscored the tension between individual ministerial positions and collective Cabinet decisions.

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Exceptions and Limitations

• Suspension of CMR: There are instances when CMR can be temporarily suspended, often during referendums. For instance, during the 1975 and 2016 EU referendums, ministers were allowed to campaign against the government's position.
• Coalition Governments: The 2010-2015 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government led to some flexibility in CMR, acknowledging the need for compromise between the two parties. Specific policies, like the 2011 AV referendum, allowed for public dissent without breaking CMR.
• National Crises: In times of national crises, such as wars or major economic downturns, CMR can be pivotal in presenting a united government stance. The 2008 financial crisis required a united front from Gordon Brown's government to navigate the economic turmoil.

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Critical Evaluation

• Strengths:
  • Maintains Government Stability: By presenting a united front, CMR helps maintain stability and predictability in governance.
  • Facilitates Clear Policy Direction: Reduces public confusion by ensuring a consistent message from the government.
• Weaknesses:
  • Suppresses Dissent: May discourage ministers from voicing legitimate concerns or innovative ideas within the Cabinet.
  • Potential for Hypocrisy: Ministers may publicly support policies they disagree with, leading to perceptions of insincerity or dishonesty.

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Conclusion

Collective Ministerial Responsibility remains a cornerstone of the UK's political system, ensuring that the government acts as a unified body. While it faces challenges, particularly in times of significant political division or coalition governance, its role in maintaining accountability and public confidence is crucial. Recent events, especially around Brexit, have tested its limits and demonstrated the balance needed between unity and individual ministerial integrity.