P: There are individual differences

E: For example, people's personality will affect their response, resulting in some people being less influenced by violence in the media such as in video games and thus not behaving aggressively in real life, despite repeated exposure.

E: Therefore, perhaps the explanation isn't universal to everybody as individual responses to media violence will vary between individuals

P: There are individual differences in how people respond to media influences on aggression.

E: For example, Bartholow and Anderson (2002) found that students who played a violent video game chose higher noise levels to punish an opponent than those who played a nonviolent game, with men showing a more significant effect than women.

E: Therefore, perhaps the explanation isn't universal to everybody as individual responses to media violence vary, influenced by factors such as gender.

P: Some studies on the influence of media on aggression are correlational.

E: We cannot draw causal conclusions from correlational studies because there are no manipulated or controlled variables and no random assignment of participants.

E: Therefore, while these studies can show a relationship between media exposure and aggression, they cannot definitively prove that media exposure causes aggressive behaviour.