Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them

Globalisation → 🔗 Created major changes in the global economic system, altering the pattern of where there is highest demand for workers and has also encouraged migration within and between countries

↳ More than 270 million people live in a country they were not born in

• Majority of migrants move regionally 📝 (eg. Mexico to US)

National and international migration patterns

↳ Changes in pattern of demand for labour at the national scale are linked w/globalisation

• Core periphery system: The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions of a country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment from periphery to core

• Backwash: Flows of people, investment & resources directed from peripheral to core This process is responsible for the polarisation of regional prosperity between regions within the same country Global systems encourage rural-urban migration within countries

• Introduction of mechanised agriculture

• Land grabs by states

• Agribusinesses

Variations on migrant population sizes

↳ 3-4% of the world's population lives outside the country of their birth

• This has not changed much - although international migration is increasing, the size of the world population has also increased ↳ International migration mainly directed towards the developed world (USA, Singapore)

• Proportion of migrants varies depending on the country Due to:

• Differences in levels of political engagement within the global economy

• Amount of inward investment from TNCs

• In order for a state to become deeply integrated into global systems - govs may adopt liberal immigration policies ↳ COVID-19 pandemic

• Drastic ↓ in international migrant flows - countries closed borders to ↓ spread of virus

• Global air travel fell by 60% in 2020

• Rural-Urban migration prevented in some countries due to regional restrictions

Changes to global pattern of migration

📌 Important global migration features (2010-2015)

• Large volumes of intra-regional migration
• Sig inter-regional flows linking N America w/ other regions inc S Asia and Central America Main factor explaining the pattern shown is the uneven distribution of economic opportunity within the global system

↳ As well as migration being triggered by this, it can also create it…

• Brain drain - causes economic loss for the source countries which is only partially offset by remittances

The Future

The Lee Model of Migration

• Migration occurs when the balance of push and pull factors is strong enough to overcome intervening obstacles
• Patterns of migration may change in response to environmental, economic or political change in either host or home areas (or both) ↳ Patterns of migration that globalisation helps drive are likely to change on account of other factors growing in importance

	Environmental change	Economic events	Political events
Influence	Environmental refugees • climate change → Agriculture threatened 📝Eg. Kiribati migration to New Zealand as low-lying	2008 financial crisis • resulted in fall in net migration ↳ First time since 1945 net GDP ↓ OR Migration ↑ in Qatar as workers from India etc are moving for construction work for 2022 WC	Political ideals and regime changes sometimes cause ethnic groups to flee states OR Can encourage migration • Canada's welcoming immigration policy
Importance	Intensifies rural poverty	Hard to predict future migration flows as proves that migration and globalisation can be reversed	In some areas (N Africa, Central Africa, Middle East) political factors are a more important influence on migration than globalisation