22.3.3 Rational, Cultural, and Structural Approaches: Comparing UK and US Legislative Branches

Rational Approach

US Congress:

• Bicameral Structure: The US Congress is composed of two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate, both of which are driven by rational considerations to secure political power and influence. For example, members of the House, who serve two-year terms, may focus on short-term goals, frequently aligning their decisions with the immediate interests of their constituents to secure re-election.

• Checks and Balances: Rational choices are also evident in the way Congress operates within the system of checks and balances. Legislators often act to counterbalance the powers of the executive branch, particularly when different parties control the presidency and Congress. This leads to strategic decision-making, such as blocking or promoting legislation based on party alignment with the President. UK Parliament:

• Fusion of Powers: In the UK, the Prime Minister and the government are directly drawn from the majority party in the House of Commons, leading to more centralized decision-making. Rationally, MPs (Members of Parliament) often align their votes with party leadership to maintain party unity and ensure their own political survival, especially given the possibility of a vote of no confidence.

• Whip System: The strong party discipline in the UK Parliament reflects rational behavior, where MPs are incentivized to follow party lines to avoid penalties, such as losing party support or being deselected in future elections.

Cultural Approach

The cultural approach examines the traditions, norms, and values that influence the behavior and functioning of the legislative branches in the UK and US.

US Congress:

• Political Culture of Individualism: The US Congress operates within a political culture that values individualism and the independence of lawmakers. Senators and Representatives often act according to their own judgment or the interests of their states or districts, even if it means opposing party leadership. This culture promotes a decentralized form of legislative decision-making, where compromise and negotiation are necessary to pass legislation.

• Bipartisanship and Partisanship: The US legislative culture has fluctuated between periods of bipartisanship and deep partisanship. The increasing polarization in recent decades has fostered a more confrontational legislative environment, where cross-party collaboration has become less common. UK Parliament:

• Tradition of Parliamentary Sovereignty: The UK Parliament operates within a long-standing tradition of parliamentary sovereignty, where the House of Commons is the supreme legal authority. This cultural foundation supports a strong party system, where party loyalty and collective responsibility are deeply ingrained.

• Ceremony and Tradition: The UK Parliament is steeped in tradition, from the ceremonial opening of Parliament to the role of the Speaker. These cultural elements reinforce the importance of continuity, respect for authority, and adherence to established procedures.

Structural Approach

The structural approach focuses on the institutional frameworks, legal structures, and formal rules that define the legislative branches in the UK and US.

US Congress:

• Constitutional Framework: The US Congress is structured by the Constitution, which establishes a clear separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This structure creates a system of checks and balances, where Congress has the authority to pass legislation, approve budgets, and oversee the executive branch, while being checked by the President's veto power and the judiciary's ability to interpret laws.

• Federalism: The structure of Congress reflects the federal nature of the US, with the Senate representing states equally and the House representing populations proportionally. This structural feature influences how legislation is debated and passed, often requiring negotiation and compromise between state and national interests. UK Parliament:

• Unitary System: The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in a unitary state, meaning it holds all legislative power and can make or repeal any law. The lack of a codified constitution allows Parliament to change the legal and political structure relatively easily through Acts of Parliament.

• Bicameral Legislature: The UK Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Commons is the dominant chamber, with the Lords serving a revising and scrutinizing role. The structural power imbalance between the two houses reflects the democratic principle that elected representatives in the Commons should have the final say in legislation.

Comparison Table: Rational, Cultural, and Structural Approaches

Approach	US Congress	UK Parliament
Rational	• Decision-making influenced by re-election goals. • Checks and balances promote strategic legislative behaviour.	• MPs align with party leadership for political survival. • Whip system enforces party discipline.
Cultural	• Political culture of individualism. • Fluctuates between bipartisanship and partisanship.	• Tradition of parliamentary sovereignty .• Strong emphasis on ceremony and tradition.
Structural	• Constitution establishes separation of powers. • Federalism shapes legislative negotiation.	• Unitary system with Parliament as supreme. • Bicameral structure with Commons as the dominant chamber.

Examine the differences between the US Senate and the UK House of Lords

Paragraph 1:

• One difference is the election process

• The Lords are appointed eg Lady Elspeth Howe by Blair

• However, Senators elected every 6 years eg Obama was the senator of Illinois Paragraph 2:

• Another difference is through its legislative powers

• The US Senate has greater powers when it comes to legislation

• The US Senate can block/amend bills and veto legislation

• However, the UK House Of Lords is limited due to the Salisbury Convention Paragraph 3:

• Another difference is that the US Senate has more power over foreign affairs

• The US Senate has the power to ratify treaties and declare war

• Obama joined the Paris Accord and Senate declared war on Japan in 1941

• However, the UK House of Lords has no power when it comes to foreign affairs as it would be an abuse of their power as they are unelected