22.6.1 UK and US: The the different nature of the party systems (two-party and multi-party)

Overview of Party Systems

• Two-Party System:
  • A political system where two major political parties dominate the electoral landscape and government.
  • In a two-party system, one of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and forms the government, while the other serves as the opposition.
  • The US is a prime example of a two-party system.
• Multi-Party System:
  • A political system where multiple parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.
  • In a multi-party system, various parties may share power, often requiring coalitions to form a government.
  • The UK, while often perceived as a two-party system, exhibits characteristics of a multi-party system due to the presence of influential third parties and regional parties.

The US: A True Two-Party System

• Dominance of Two Major Parties:
  • The US has a well-established two-party system, dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
  • Since the mid-19th century, these two parties have been the primary contenders in presidential elections, congressional elections, and most state-level elections.
• Electoral System:
  • The first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system reinforces the two-party system by making it difficult for third parties to gain significant representation.
  • Winner-takes-all elections, especially in the Electoral College for the presidency, mean that votes for smaller parties are often seen as wasted, discouraging voters from supporting them.
• Third Parties:
  • Third parties exist in the US, such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party, but they have limited influence and rarely win significant numbers of seats or offices.
  • The two major parties often absorb the platforms of successful third-party movements, further marginalizing these smaller parties.
• Implications:
  • The two-party system leads to a clear choice for voters between two distinct political ideologies.
  • However, it can also result in polarization and a lack of representation for those whose views do not align with the major parties.

The UK: A Two-Party System with Multi-Party Characteristics

• Historical Dominance of Two Parties:
  • The UK has traditionally been dominated by two major parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
  • This dominance is particularly evident in general elections, where one of these parties usually forms the government.
• Electoral System:
  • Like the US, the UK uses a first-past-the-post (FPTP) system for general elections, which tends to favor larger parties and contribute to a two-party system at the national level.
  • However, the UK also has proportional representation in devolved assemblies (e.g., the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Senedd) and the European Parliament elections (before Brexit), allowing for greater representation of smaller parties.
• Presence of Third Parties and Regional Parties:
  • Unlike the US, the UK has a significant presence of third parties and regional parties that can influence politics, especially in specific regions.
  • Parties like the Liberal Democrats, the Scottish National Party (SNP), and the Green Party have gained substantial representation in Parliament and have influenced coalition governments.
• Coalition Governments:
  • The UK has experienced coalition governments, most notably the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition from 2010 to 2015.
  • This highlights the multi-party nature of the UK system, where smaller parties can play a critical role in forming governments.
• Implications:
  • The UK's party system allows for a broader range of political views to be represented, particularly through regional parties.
  • However, the FPTP system at the national level still tends to favor the two major parties, limiting the influence of smaller parties in general elections.

Comparative Analysis: Two-Party vs Multi-Party Systems

Aspect	US Two-Party System	UK Multi-Party Characteristics
Number of Major Parties	Two dominant parties: Democratic and Republican.	Two dominant parties: Conservative and Labour, with significant third and regional parties.
Electoral System	First-past-the-post (FPTP) reinforces two-party dominance.	FPTP at the national level favors two parties, but proportional representation in devolved assemblies allows for multi-party representation.
Third Parties	Exist but have limited influence; rarely win significant seats.	Significant third and regional parties (e.g., SNP, Liberal Democrats) can influence national politics and form coalitions.
Government Formation	Typically formed by one of the two major parties; no coalitions.	Governments are usually formed by one major party, but coalitions have occurred, reflecting the multi-party nature.
Voter Choice	Clear choice between two distinct ideologies; can lead to polarization.	Broader range of political views represented, especially at the regional level.

Conclusion

• US: The US operates a true two-party system, deeply entrenched by its FPTP electoral system and political culture. This system provides clear choices but can limit the representation of diverse political views.
• UK: While the UK is often described as a two-party system, it exhibits significant multi-party characteristics, particularly due to the influence of third parties and regional parties. The UK's political landscape allows for a broader representation of views, but the FPTP system at the national level still gives an advantage to the two major parties.

Examine how party systems in the USA differ from party systems in the UK

Paragraph 1:

• At the national level the House of Commons and the Senate
• The USA has a two-party system-dominance of Republicans and Democrats
• However, the UK has many parties such as Conservatives, Labour, Lib Dem, SNP

Paragraph 2:

• Regional level- state legislatures in the USA are still Republican/Democrat-dominated but the UK has region-specific parties eg SNP, and DUP, showing a clear difference

Paragraph 3:

The Executive

• In the USA, President + governing party always draw from Reps or Dems but in the UK a coalition govt is possible eg 2010 and a minority govt eg 2017 ● This gives a role for 3rd parties in the UK