34.2.3 Complex interdependence.

The Transformation of Anarchical Systems through Interdependence

The Role of Globalization in Deepening Interdependence

Globalization plays a crucial role in deepening this interdependence. Economic, social, political, and cultural globalization has intensified the connections between states and non-state actors, making it increasingly difficult for any state to opt out or reverse these trends. The interconnectedness brought about by globalization means that the actions of one state can have significant and immediate impacts on others, further binding states together in a complex web of interdependence.

Decline of Military Force and Rise of Transnational Links

As states become more interdependent, the use of military force and the traditional focus on power balance are decreasing in importance. Instead, transnational links—connections between states, governments, and non-state actors—are becoming more prominent. These links include economic ties, diplomatic relations, and cultural exchanges, which often require cooperation rather than confrontation. In this context, states are less likely to rely on military force to achieve their goals, as the costs of conflict can outweigh the benefits in an interconnected world.

Multiple Channels of Action and Access

Complex interdependence is characterized by the presence of multiple channels of action and access between states, governments, and non-state actors. This means that international relations are no longer solely the domain of state-to-state interactions; instead, a wide range of actors, including international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations, and even individuals, play significant roles in shaping global politics. These multiple channels create a more dynamic and fluid system where various actors can influence the global agenda.

Fluid Agenda and the Absence of Hierarchy

Unlike realism, which posits that security concerns always top the international agenda, complex interdependence suggests that the global agenda is fluid and reactive. There is little hierarchy in terms of collective action problems, meaning that different issues can take precedence depending on the circumstances. States and other actors can use their power to push issues they are passionate about to the top of the agenda, whether those issues involve security, economic development, human rights, or environmental protection.

Rational Cooperation and Sensitivity to Change

In a world of complex interdependence, it is often more rational for states to cooperate rather than engage in conflict. However, the degree to which states and actors are sensitive or vulnerable to changes in the international system can vary. Sensitivity refers to how quickly and significantly a state is affected by changes, while vulnerability refers to the state's ability to adapt or respond to those changes. This variation means that while some states may be highly motivated to cooperate on certain issues, others may be less so, depending on their sensitivity and vulnerability.

Collective Action and Global Issues

The rising threat of global issues such as climate change, pandemics like COVID-19, and poverty underscores the need for collective action in the international system. These challenges are transnational in nature and cannot be effectively addressed by individual states acting alone. Complex interdependence suggests that the international community must work together to find solutions to these problems, as they affect all states, regardless of their power or position in the global hierarchy. The interconnectedness of the modern world means that no state is immune to these challenges, making cooperation not just desirable, but necessary.

Conclusion

Complex interdependence presents a view of international relations that contrasts sharply with traditional realist perspectives. It emphasizes the growing interconnectedness of states and non-state actors in a globalized world, where military force is less relevant, and cooperation is increasingly necessary. The concept highlights the multiple channels of influence in global politics, the fluidity of the international agenda, and the need for collective action to address pressing global issues. As globalization deepens, the significance of complex interdependence is likely to grow, shaping the future of international relations and the way states and other actors interact on the global stage.