22.6.5 UK and US: The relative power, methods and influence of pressure groups.

Relative Power of Pressure Groups

UK

• Access to Power: Pressure groups in the UK tend to have less direct access to power compared to their US counterparts. This is due in part to the parliamentary system, where the executive (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) holds significant power, and the fusion of powers means fewer access points for pressure groups.
• Influence on Legislation: UK pressure groups can influence policy, but often this influence is exerted through backdoor lobbying, working with MPs, or engaging in public campaigns to shift public opinion.
• Insider vs. Outsider Groups:
  • Insider Groups: These have close relationships with decision-makers and are often consulted by the government on policy issues. Examples include the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and the British Medical Association (BMA).
  • Outsider Groups: These lack direct access to policymakers and must rely on public campaigns and media attention. Examples include Greenpeace and Extinction Rebellion.

US

• Access to Power: Pressure groups in the US have more direct access to power due to the separation of powers and the federal system. With multiple access points (Congress, the Presidency, state governments, and the courts), US pressure groups can target specific institutions or branches of government to influence policy.
• Lobbying and PACs: The power of pressure groups is amplified by the use of Political Action Committees (PACs) and Super PACs, which can raise and spend significant amounts of money to support or oppose candidates and policies. The influence of money in politics is more pronounced in the US.
• Judicial Influence: US pressure groups can influence the judiciary by filing amicus curiae briefs in Supreme Court cases, lobbying for or against judicial appointments, and funding litigation to challenge or uphold laws.

Methods Used by Pressure Groups

UK

• Lobbying: Lobbying is a common method used by pressure groups to influence MPs, Lords, and government ministers. Insider groups often have regular access to policymakers, while outsider groups may lobby through petitions, letters, or meetings.
• Public Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns, demonstrations, and protests are vital methods for outsider groups to gain attention and apply pressure on the government. For example, the Climate Change marches have been effective in raising awareness of environmental issues.
• Legal Action: Some pressure groups, particularly those focused on human rights and civil liberties, use judicial review to challenge government decisions in court. For example, Liberty has successfully challenged various government actions through the courts.
• Media Engagement: Pressure groups in the UK often use the media to influence public opinion and, indirectly, government policy. This includes issuing press releases, organizing media stunts, and engaging with journalists.

US

• Lobbying: US pressure groups engage in extensive lobbying at the federal and state levels. K Street in Washington, D.C., is known for its concentration of lobbying firms. Lobbying can involve direct meetings with legislators, testifying before congressional committees, and providing research and data to support a group's position.
• Campaign Finance: The use of PACs and Super PACs allows pressure groups to fund election campaigns, advertisements, and political messaging. This financial support can help ensure that candidates sympathetic to their causes are elected.
• Litigation: The US judicial system provides a significant avenue for pressure group influence. Groups like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) regularly use the courts to challenge laws and executive actions. The National Rifle Association (NRA) has also been involved in litigation to protect gun rights.
• Grassroots Mobilization: US pressure groups often mobilize their members through grassroots campaigns, including letter-writing campaigns, phone banks, and voter registration drives. For example, the Tea Party movement effectively used grassroots mobilization to influence Republican Party policies.

Influence of Pressure Groups

UK

• Policy Influence: Insider groups in the UK can have significant influence over policy, particularly in areas where they are seen as experts. For example, the BMA has been influential in shaping healthcare policy. However, outsider groups may struggle to have a direct impact on policy without broad public support.
• Legislative Process: Pressure groups can influence the legislative process through consultations and by working closely with sympathetic MPs or Lords to amend or block legislation. However, their influence is often less direct than in the US.
• Public Opinion: Pressure groups in the UK can influence public opinion through campaigns and media coverage, which in turn can pressure the government to act. The success of these efforts often depends on the issue's salience and public interest.

US

• Legislative Influence: US pressure groups have a significant influence on the legislative process. They can draft legislation, lobby for amendments, and use campaign contributions to sway legislators' votes. The influence of groups like the NRA on gun legislation is well-documented.
• Judicial Influence: Pressure groups can shape judicial outcomes by supporting litigation, filing amicus briefs, and influencing judicial appointments. The role of groups like the Federalist Society in shaping the federal judiciary, including Supreme Court appointments, is an example of this influence.
• Electoral Influence: Through PACs and Super PACs, US pressure groups can greatly influence election outcomes. Their financial power can help elect candidates who align with their policy goals or defeat those who oppose them.

Comparative Analysis: Pressure Groups in the UK vs. US

Aspect	UK	US
Access to Power	Limited direct access; more focused on insider vs. outsider strategies	Multiple access points due to separation of powers; significant influence in Congress, courts, and states
Lobbying	Lobbying focuses on MPs, Lords, and ministers; less formalized	Extensive lobbying industry; significant influence through direct lobbying and campaign finance
Legal Action	Used, but less frequently; focused on judicial review	Commonly used; significant influence through litigation and judicial appointments
Campaign Finance	Limited by strict regulations; less influence of money in politics	Dominated by PACs and Super PACs; large financial influence on elections and policy
Public Campaigns	Focus on media engagement and public awareness	Grassroots mobilization and media campaigns; often linked to electoral outcomes
Influence on Policy	Significant for insider groups; more indirect for outsider groups	Direct influence on policy, especially through Congress and the judiciary

Conclusion

• UK: Pressure groups in the UK are influential but often operate within a more constrained environment due to the parliamentary system and stricter regulations on campaign finance. Their success often depends on their status as insider or outsider groups, with insider groups having more direct access to power.
• US: Pressure groups in the US wield significant power due to the multiple access points provided by the federal system and the separation of powers. Their influence is amplified by the role of money in politics, which allows them to shape elections, legislation, and judicial outcomes more directly than in the UK.

Exam Practise

Examine why UK pressure groups have less influence than interest groups in the USA

Paragraph 1:

The USA has the protection of rights through a codified constitution for pressure groups to appeal against.

• the NRA utilises the 2nd amendment to justify their stance on gun control.
• However, in the UK there is no codified constitution and attempts to use HRA
• In the UK, there can be a broad range of issues for pressure groups which will gain less coverage
• Judicial Influence: US pressure groups can influence the judiciary by filing amicus curiae briefs in Supreme Court cases, lobbying for or against judicial appointments, and funding litigation to challenge or uphold laws.

Paragraph 2:

Funding/political influence,

• Lack of campaign finance limits in the USA gives more influence over Senators
• Limited Resources: Pressure groups in the UK have access to much less money than in the US, leading to comparatively less influence over politicians. Campaign finance regulations are stricter in the UK, limiting the financial clout of pressure groups.
• Lobbying and PACs: The power of pressure groups is amplified by the use of Political Action Committees (PACs) and Super PACs, which can raise and spend significant amounts of money to support or oppose candidates and policies. The influence of money in politics is more pronounced in the US. Paragraph 3:

Access points

• In the UK, power is centralised in the House of Commons, however, in the USA, there are multiple points in the USA through state legislatures, Congress, Executive
• Access to Power: Pressure groups in the US have more direct access to power due to the separation of powers and the federal system. With multiple access points (Congress, the Presidency, state governments, and the courts), US pressure groups can target specific institutions or branches of government to influence policy.
• Access to Power: Pressure groups in the UK tend to have less direct access to power compared to their US counterparts. This is due in part to the parliamentary system, where the executive (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) holds significant power, and the fusion of powers means fewer access points for pressure groups.