5.2.1 Traditional Conservatism: Hierarchical and Paternalistic Values

The Emergence of Traditional Conservatism

Traditional conservatism is the oldest format of conservative thought, arising in the late 18th century as a reaction to the rapid social and political changes brought about by the Enlightenment and revolutionary movements, most notably the French Revolution. Traditional conservatives viewed these changes as a threat to the stability and order of society, emphasizing the preservation of the existing social order through organicism, hierarchy, and paternalism.

Reaction to the Enlightenment

• Conservative Response: Traditional conservatives were skeptical of the Enlightenment, fearing it undermined social cohesion. They argued that society's complexity couldn't be managed purely through reason, valuing the wisdom of established traditions. Edmund Burke, a key figure, criticized the Enlightenment for rejecting tradition and social hierarchy.

The French Revolution and Burke's Response

• The French Revolution (1789-1799): This period saw the overthrow of the monarchy, the rise of democratic ideals, and widespread social upheaval. However, it also led to extreme violence, including the Reign of Terror, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as a dictator.
• Edmund Burke's Critique: In Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), Burke condemned the revolution's radical changes based on abstract principles, arguing that these disregarded the value of traditions, leading to chaos. He advocated for gradual, evolutionary reform instead of radical upheaval.

"Good order is the foundation of all good things." — Edmund Burke

The Industrial Revolution and Social Change

• The Industrial Revolution: This era brought massive economic and social shifts, including urbanization and the rise of the working class, often resulting in social unrest due to harsh conditions and inequality.
• Conservative Concerns: Traditional conservatives were alarmed by the breakdown of traditional social structures and emphasized the need to preserve social order, hierarchy, and the paternalistic responsibilities of the upper classes.

Conservatism as a Political Force

• 19th Century Britain: Traditional conservatism became a significant political force, opposing liberal movements that aimed to expand democracy and reduce the power of the aristocracy. The Conservative Party, under leaders like Sir Robert Peel and Benjamin Disraeli, sought to balance preserving the established order with adapting to industrialization.
• Paternalism and Social Reform: Disraeli's "One Nation" conservatism aimed to bridge class divides through social reform while maintaining social hierarchy. He believed that social stability required the well-being of all classes.
  • Disraeli's Vision: "The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy." This reflects the belief that societal stability depends on the welfare of all.

Hierarchical Values

Natural Social Order:

• Traditional conservatism views society as naturally hierarchical, with different levels based on birth, wealth, and talent. This hierarchy is seen as essential for social stability, reflecting natural differences rather than oppression. Authority and Leadership:

• Authority should reside with those at the top, who are seen as more capable due to their experience and wisdom. Leadership is about responsibility, not just power, with those in authority expected to protect and guide those below them. Critique of Egalitarianism:

• Traditional conservatives critique egalitarian ideologies for disrupting the natural hierarchy, arguing that absolute equality leads to instability.

Paternalism

Concept of Noblesse Oblige:

Justification of Hierarchy:

• Paternalism justifies hierarchy by emphasizing the responsibilities of the elite to contribute to the well-being of the wider community. Role of the State:

• The state acts as a paternal figure, protecting the vulnerable and upholding moral standards. While traditional conservatives prefer limited intervention, they support state actions necessary to preserve order. Social Stability:

• Paternalism fosters social stability by promoting mutual obligations between classes, preventing unrest and enhancing cohesion. Support for Traditional Institutions:

• Institutions like the monarchy and the Church are valued for their stabilizing influence and embodiment of paternalistic values.

Criticism of Paternalism

Potential for Abuse:

• Critics argue that paternalism can lead to patronizing policies and authoritarianism, where those in power make decisions without consent. Perpetuation of Inequality:

• While aiming to soften inequality, paternalism doesn't challenge the hierarchical structure, reinforcing existing power dynamics rather than addressing the root causes.

Legacy and Influence

• Enduring Principles: Traditional conservatism's emphasis on hierarchy, authority, tradition, and gradual change continues to shape conservative thought. It remains skeptical of radical ideologies, arguing they often lead to unintended and destabilizing consequences.