Controlling fertility

Hormones

IVF- remove eggs from women and fertilised them in laboratory grown into embryos once they are tiny balls of cells, 1 or 2 are put back into the uterus to improve pregnancy chance.

• FSH/LH are given before egg collection to stimulate egg production (so more than 1 egg can be collected) Clomiphene- some women are infertile as can't ovulate/don't ovulate regularly so take drug clomiphene. More FSH/LH to be released by body which stimulates egg maturation/ovulation. Whenever women are ovulating they have intercourse during this period to improve pregnancy chance.

Diaphragms- dome shaped devices that are inserted before sex over opening of uterus Used with spermicide (chemicals that kills sperm)

Fertility drugs are used to increase the chance of pregnancy.

• The main hormones used are FSH and LH because they stimulate the maturation and release of the egg.

• The woman can then become pregnant normally. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is another treatment.

• The mother is given FSH and LH to encourage the maturation eggs

• These are extracted from the mother and fertilised in the lab using sperm

• The fertilised eggs develop into embryos and then one or two are inserted in the uterus

  

Benefits	Cons
Provides a way for an infertile couple to have a child.	It is physically stressful as women may have reactions to the hormones, such as feeling sick.
	It is emotionally stressful because it may not work• success rate for IVF is 26%.
	It can lead to multiple births • unexpected and may be a risk to the babies and the mother.
	Can be expensive if the process needs to be repeated.

Hormonal methods of contraception

The contraceptive pill must be taken regularly or the bodies own hormones will be released, leading to an egg maturing.

• The mixed pill contains oestrogen and progesterone

  • This means the oestrogen levels are constantly high, inhibiting FSH so no eggs mature.
  • The lining also stops developing and the mucus in the cervix becomes thick so sperm cannot move through
  • Some possible side effects include changes in mood, mood swings, depression, breast pain or tenderness, breast enlargement, increased blood pressure.

• The progesterone only pill

  • This has less side effects in comparison to the mixed pill. The contraceptive patch contains oestrogen and progesterone.

• It is small and is stuck on the skin

• Lasts for one week The contraceptive implant releases a continuous amount of progesterone.

• This prevents the ovaries from releasing the egg, thickens the mucus in cervix so sperm cannot swim and stops fertilised eggs from embedding in the uterus

• Lasts for three years The contraceptive injection is made up of progesterone.

• Same effect as the implant

• Lasts for 2 to 3 months The plastic intrauterine device (IUD) releases progesterone.

• Same effect as the implant

• T shaped, inserted into the uterus

Non-hormonal methods of contraception

These stop sperm fertilising the egg.

• Chemical methods involve spermicides. These kill or disable sperm, but are only 70% to 80% effective.
• Barrier methods include condoms and diaphragms :
  • Condoms are either worn over the penis or are inside the vagina. They also prevent the individual from contracting sexually transmitted diseases. A problem is that it can tear and therefore let sperm through.
  • A diaphragm is a plastic cup which is positioned over the cervix. It is used with spermicide. The copper intrauterine device works by killing sperm in the uterus and stopping any fertilised embryos from implanting in the uterus lining.

Surgical methods of male and female sterilisation involve cutting and tying the fallopian tubes or sperm duct. This lasts forever.

Abstaining from intercourse ensures that an egg is not fertilised. Others may only abstain during ovulation.

Pros	Cons
Hormonal methods when used correctly are more effective • Don't have to stop & think about contraception each time (relied)	Hormonal methods have side effects • Headaches • Acne • Mood changes Don't protect against STI's Condoms can break/ out of date