Victorian England: Great Expectations was published in serial form between 1860 and 1861, during the height of the Victorian era. This period was marked by strict social hierarchies, industrialisation, and significant economic and social change. The novel reflects the complexities of Victorian society, including the rigid class system, the struggles of the working class, and the ambitions of those seeking to improve their social standing. Dickens uses Pip's journey to explore these themes, highlighting both the opportunities and the moral challenges that come with social mobility in a rapidly changing society.

Charles Dickens' Personal Experiences: Dickens' own experiences growing up in poverty and his later success as a writer deeply influenced Great Expectations. His father's imprisonment for debt and Dickens' subsequent work in a blacking factory are mirrored in Pip's early struggles and his desire to rise above his humble beginnings. Dickens often used his novels to critique social injustices and to advocate for the rights of the poor and marginalised, and Great Expectations is no exception. The novel explores themes of ambition, guilt, and redemption, reflecting Dickens' belief in the potential for personal growth and social reform.

The British Legal System: The novel also reflects contemporary concerns about the British legal system, particularly the harsh treatment of convicts and the stigma attached to criminality. The character of Magwitch, a convict who becomes Pip's secret benefactor, challenges the reader's perceptions of crime and punishment. Through Magwitch's story, Dickens critiques the rigid and often unjust legal system of the time, highlighting the possibility of redemption and the importance of compassion and understanding in the administration of justice.

The Gothic Tradition: Great Expectations incorporates elements of the Gothic tradition, particularly in its portrayal of Miss Havisham and Satis House. The decaying mansion and Miss Havisham's obsession with her lost love create a sense of gloom and foreboding, reflecting the novel's exploration of themes such as decay, corruption, and the consequences of living in the past. Dickens uses these Gothic elements to add depth to the novel's exploration of psychological and moral dilemmas, creating a richly layered narrative that blends realism with elements of horror and mystery.